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Item Opiniones y percepciones sobre los estudios superiores STEM: un estudio de caso exploratorio en España(Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2022-06-17) Verdugo-Castro, S.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.; García-Holgado, A.Los estereotipos de género se encuentran en las diferentes esferas en las que se desarrolla un individuo. Existen presiones sociales, sesgos, patrones y roles, creencias estereotipadas, que condicionan el comportamiento y la autopercepción de la persona. Esto también sucede en el momento de decidir qué estudios superiores cursar. Si bien se trata de una decisión que se dirige al futuro profesional y que debería estar marcada por las perspectivas futuras de carrera, en ocasiones no es así. No existen evidencias de que la brecha de género en el sector de la ciencia, la tecnología, la ingeniería y las matemáticas (STEM) esté producida por razones biológicas, naturales o cognitivas. Sin embargo, sí existen evidencias de que el ambiente, la cultura y los contextos en los que se desenvuelve la persona condicionan esta decisión. El objetivo del trabajo es identificar las influencias sociales, familiares, educativas y del grupo de iguales que existen sobre la opinión que los universitarios tienen sobre los estudios STEM. Para ello se ha aplicado un cuestionario, a partir de un estudio piloto exploratorio. En el piloto han participado 115 personas, todas ellas estudiantes de universidad. El estudio ha seguido una metodología cuantitativa, a partir de la construcción de cinco dimensiones (Ideología de Género, Actitudes, Intereses, Percepción y Autopercepción, y Expectativas sobre la Ciencia) y contrastes de hipótesis, para el instrumento. Los resultados refuerzan la hipótesis de que los diferentes ambientes que rodean a la persona condicionan que esta tenga o no estereotipos de género sobre los estudios superiores STEM. Principalmente, se deben tener en cuenta los apoyos recibidos, los referentes y quiénes han juzgado su decisión sobre los estudios cursados.Item Psychiatric patients tracking through a private social network for relatives: development and pilot study(Springer, 2016-07) García-Peñalvo, F. J.; Franco Martín, M.; García-Holgado, A.; Toribio Guzmán, J. M.; Largo Antón, J.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.The treatment of psychiatric patients requires different health care from that of patients from other medical specialties. In particular, in the case of Department of Psychiatry from the Zamora Hospital (Spain), the period of time which patients require institutionalized care is a tiny part of their treatment. A large part of health care provided to the patient is aimed at his/her rehabilitation and social integration through day-care centres, supervised flats or activities. Conversely, several reports reveal that approximately 50% of Internet users use the network as a source of health information, which has led to the emergence of virtual communities where patients, relatives or health professionals share their knowledge concerning an illness, health problem or specific health condition. In this context, we have identified that the relatives have a lack of information regarding the daily activities of patients under psychiatric treatment. The social networks or the virtual communities regarding health problems do not provide a private space where relatives can follow the patient's progress, despite being in different places. The goal of the study was to use technologies to develop a private social network for being used by severe mental patients (mainly schizophrenic patients). SocialNet is a pioneer social network in the health sector because it provides a social interaction context restricted to persons authorized by the patient or his/her legal guardian in such a way that they can track his/her daily activity. Each patient has a private area only accessible to authorized persons and their caregivers, where they can share pictures, videos or texts regarding his/her progress. A preliminary study of usability of the system has been made for increasing the usefulness and usability of SocialNet. SocialNet is the first system for promoting personal interactions among formal caregivers, family, close friends and patient, promoting the recovery of schizophrenic patients. Future studies should study the network’s potential usefulness for improving the prognosis and recovery of schizophrenia.Item Multimedia Analysis of Spanish Female Role Models in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics(MDPI, 2021-11-15) Verdugo-Castro, S.; García-Holgado, A.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Horizontal segregation in the higher education framework is a problem that goes up in the work environment. Women are assuming traditional gender roles due to phenomena such as the threat of stereotyping, which prevents them from opting for higher studies in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). This research work arises within the project W-STEM, “Building the Future of Latin America: Involving Women in STEM”. The research aims to investigate women’s academic and professional development in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM) through their personal experience in making career-related decisions. The research was developed by applying a qualitative method. During the year 2020, video semi-structured interviews were conducted with twenty-one women professionals in the STEM field. Of the twenty-one participants, six are linked to science, eight to technology, fifteen to engineering and one to mathematics. Due to their research lines, some of them are located in more than one STEM area, for example, in technology and engineering. These women were interviewed about their choice of studies and training, their jobs, professional achievements, family and social environment and their perspective on the gender gap in STEM. They all agree on horizontal segregation and consider it necessary to motivate girls and young women to study what they like. Furthermore, they all show passion for their workItem Pilot study on university students’ opinion about STEM studies at higher education(ACM, 2020-10-21) Verdugo-Castro, S.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.; García-Holgado, A.; Bakieva, M.The percentages of women enrolled in higher education in the STEM sector are significantly lower than those of men. Overall, gender representation in science, technology, engineering and math-ematics degrees in Europe is not balanced. The Leaky Pipeline phe-nomenon, marked by gender stereotypes, makes the latent gender gap a relevant topic of study. Studies exist on academic performance, self-perception, self-efficacy, outcome expectations; however, study-ing gender stereotypes linked to STEM studies is also essential. It is necessary to know the social and family context in which young people have grown up, as well as their perception of such studies. To study gender stereotypes of university students about STEM studies, a questionnaire has been designed for empirical validation. For the design of the instrument, to be validated, items from other instruments have been taken and adapted to Spanish. After the design of the instrument, an online pilot study has been applied in the University of Salamanca, the University of Valencia and the Polytechnic University of Valencia. A total of 115 people answered the questionnaire. The results of the pilot study reveal that the study sample is not particularly marked by gender stereotypes about gender equality in STEM. Also, the sample is receptive to learning about science and applying it in their lives. On the other hand, the idea that women have to give up their studies and careers to look after their families and children is rejected. The idea that men are more interested in university studies than women is also rejected. At the same time, the sample is aware of the difficulties that women encounter in the STEM sector. Another optimistic point of the results is that there are no alarming data on bad experiences due to gender. In the future, the study will be replicated on a larger scale.Item Nurturing Grandchildren With Down Syndrome: A Qualitative Study on Grandparents’ Needs Using Digital Tools(Frontiers, 2021-09-12) Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.; Martín-Sevillano, R.; Martín-Cilleros, M. V.; Mena, J. J.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Grandparents who have grandchildren with disabilities are an underrepresented group in existing research related to the field. This qualitative phenomenological study’s general purpose is to analyze, from a personal perspective, the situations and needs of grandparents who have grandchildren with Down syndrome. The participants’ ages range from 65 to 85, and the ages of their grandchildren with Down syndrome range from 3 to 21 years. All participants had one grandchild with a disability, except for two, who each had two. A sociodemographic questionnaire was administered, and individual interviews were conducted, using open questions, through phone and/or video calls. An analysis of the participants’ speech was carried out, which implied the development of a system of meta-categories and categories. This analysis was developed manually, given the COVID-19 environment. The results indicate a substantial change from negative feelings caused by the knowledge of the diagnosis to feelings related to positive experiences expressed currently. The participants see themselves as a fundamental source of support (informal, instrumental, practical, social, emotional, and economic) for their families and, mainly, for their grandchildren with Down syndrome. A need for information and training was observed when the grandparents talked about first being informed of the diagnosis and their concerns about the future of these grandchildren and their siblings. They made social demands, such as greater government involvement or more significant opportunities to access resources and rights for their grandchildren. The results are discussed, as are possible future research directions.Item The experience of women students in engineering and mathematics careers: a focus group study(IEEE, 2021-04-21) García-Holgado, A.; Verdugo-Castro, S.; Dominguez, A.; Hernández-Armenta, I.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.; Vázquez-Ingelmo, A.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.The gender gap is a problem that occurs in different forms in regions and countries around the world. It is a goal of large international organisations, governments, companies and other entities. Although it is not a new issue, it is important to continue studying it and seek mechanisms and strategies to attract and maintain more women in these areas. In particular, in the field of education and employment, the STEM areas present large gender gaps whose reduction would not only impact the equality of men and women but would also have an impact on the economy of the countries and on improving the economic situation of women. In this context, there are initiatives in Latin America working on this issue, but it is necessary to look more deeply into the elements that influence the decision to study careers in these areas. In this context, two focus groups have been held as roundtables with STEM women from different Latin American and European countries, to answer a series of questions centred on their motivations and decisions before and during their university studies. The results obtained have provided some inputs for defining gender equality action plans in ten Higher Education Institutions from Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, and Mexico. Furthermore, the results show similarities with previous studies involving STEM women with different Latin American profiles.Item Propuestas Europeas para Trabajar en la Brecha de Género en STEM: Un Análisis Sistemático(IEEE, 2020-10-01) García-Holgado, A.; Verdugo-Castro, S.; González-González, C. S.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.There is a critical gender gap in the STEM areas at all levels of education and the labour market. In this context, the European Union has included an increase in female participation in STEM as one of its priorities. It has funded a considerable amount of research projects, so a substantial number of institutions and organizations across Europe has worked on the same objective, but there are not an analysis of the proposals and achievements in all those research projects. This work aims to present an overview of the outputs from European research projects developed during the last five years related to the gender gap in STEMItem Rompiendo brechas: Propuesta de orientación sociolaboral con víctimas de violencia de género(2020-07-13) Verdugo-Castro, S.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.; García-Holgado, A.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Se ha llevado a cabo un estudio empírico en un municipio de España con nueve entidades del Tercer Sector que trabajan con mujeres víctimas de violencia de género con el objetivo de plantear una propuesta de intervención basada en la orientación sociolaboral, adecuada a las necesidades específicas de las destinatarias de las asociaciones participantes en el estudio. Para ello se ha investigado sobre el perfil laboral, formativo y familiar de las mujeres atendidas en las asociaciones y sobre las acciones de orientación sociolaboral desarrolladas en las entidades. El estudio se ha abordado desde la metodología cualitativa, con corte fenomenológico. Se han aplicado entrevistas semiestructuradas a cinco personas trabajadoras de las nueve entidades. Las cinco personas entrevistadas para el estudio prestan sus servicios a más de una de las entidades, por medio de la sinergia que se establece entre las asociaciones del Tercer Sector. Además de la información recogida a través de las entrevistas semiestructuradas, en otros casos, la información recogida, si bien no pudo ser grabada por protección de datos y privacidad, sí se recogió mediante memorias anuales facilitadas para el fin de la investigación. De esta manera, se contó con entrevistas y con material en formato de memorias; y mediante análisis clásico de contenido se han analizado los discursos y el contenido con el apoyo del CAQDAS Nvivo 12. Uno de los principales resultados del estudio ha sido el perfil de mujer atendida en el contexto; se trata mayormente de ciudadanas de nacionalidad española, de mediana edad, con responsabilidades familiares, en situación de desempleo y baja cualificación profesional. A partir de los discursos y los contenidos analizados se ha comprobado que, si bien algunas de las entidades desarrollan acciones sociolaborales, otras no cuentan con este servicio por carencia de recursos apropiados para el fin. Finalmente, se diseña una propuesta de intervención sociolaboral para potenciar la autonomía y empoderamiento de la mujer. La propuesta nace de las necesidades específicas del contexto y considerando el tejido social de la comunidad.Item Age influence in gender stereotypes related to Internet use in young people: a case study(ACM, 2019-10-16) Verdugo-Castro, S.; García-Holgado, A.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.The existence of gender stereotypes in relation to the use of the Internet led to the need to carry out the present study, which approaches young people perception of the use of the Internet and technologies. Based on knowledge of the existence of gender stereotypes in relation to the use of the Internet, the objective of the study is to detect whether the age of young people, with some previous experience on the Internet, marks differences in relation to the use they make of the Internet; in other words, whether the use made of the world network and the existing stereotypes may or may not have some type of dependent relationship with the age of the subjects. The study was applied in a group of the University of Salamanca (Spain) during the academic year 2018/2019, after the previous realization of activities during four months of sensitization, under the European project WYRED (netWorked Youth Research for Empowerment in the Digital). The final sample was composed by 48 subjects. For this purpose, a questionnaire was applied with 40 final items, which collected different activities that can be carried out on the Internet in order to find out what trend of use they presented in relation to the Internet, in comparison to their age. The two groups consisted of 26 people aged 20 or younger, and 22 people aged 20 or older. By means of a descriptive analysis, and the application of normality tests and non-parametric tests, no dependent relationships were detected between the use of the Internet after carrying out the survey and the age group in which the subject belonged. For the future it would be of special interest to be able to repeat the study comparing the opinion and use of young people on the InternetItem Gender gap in the Digital Society: a qualitative analysis of the international conversation in the WYRED project(ACM, 2019-10-16) Sánchez Santos, N.; García-Holgado, A.; Sánchez-Gómez, M. C.The objective of this research is to know the opinion of young people about one of the main current issues: gender stereotypes and equality. The research has been developed in the context of the WYRED project. Specifically, the information has been obtained from an international conversation about stereotypes and equality on Internet carried out on the WYRED Platform between February and March 2019. The content analysis has been done with the Nvivo software following a qualitative analysis method. The most important results are the importance of technology in the perpetuation of stereotypes, the criticism towards traditional gender stereotypes, and the defense of education in breaking stereotypes in order to achieve an egalitarian society. In short, the opinion of young people concludes in a critique of traditional stereotypes and the need for change in society.
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