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Item Emotional Intelligence in Robotics: A Scoping Review(Springer, 2022-01-31) Marcos-Pablos, S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Research suggests that emotionally responsive machines that can simulate empathy increase de acceptance of users towards them, as the feeling of affinity towards the machine reduces negative perceptual feedback. In order to endow a robot with emotional intelligence, it must be equipped with sensors capable of capturing users’ emotions (sense), appraisal captured emotions to regulate its internal state (compute), and finally perform tasks where actions are regulated by the computed “emotional” state (act). However, despite the im-pressive progress made in recent years in terms of artificial intelligence, speech recognition and synthesis, computer vision and many other disciplines directly and indirectly related to artificial emotional recognition and behavior, we are still far from being able to endow robots with the empathic capabilities of a human being. This article aims to give an overview of the implications of intro-ducing emotional intelligence in robotic constructions by discussing recent ad-vances in emotional intelligence in robotics.Item Emotional AI in Healthcare: a pilot architecture proposal to merge emotion recognition tools(ACM, 2021-10-27) Marcos-Pablos, S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.; Vázquez-Ingelmo, A.The use of emotional artificial intelligence (EAI) looks promising and is continuing to improve during the last years. However, in order to effectively use EAI to help in the diagnose and treat health conditions there are still significant challenges to be tackled. Be-cause EAI is still under development, one of the most important challenges is to integrate the technology into the health provision process. In this sense, it is important to complement EAI technolo-gies with expert supervision, and to provide health professionals with the necessary tools to make the best of EAI without a deep knowledge of the technology. The present work aims to provide an initial architecture proposal for making use of different available technologies for emotion recognition, where their combination could enhance emotion detection. The proposed architecture is based on an evolutionary approach so to be integrated in digital health ecosystems, so new modules can be easily integrated. In addition, internal data exchange utilizes Robot Operating System (ROS) syntax, so it can also be suitable for physical agents.Item Integrating Emotion Recognition Tools for Developing Emotionally Intelligent Agents(2022-09-20) Marcos-Pablos, S.; Lobato, F.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Emotionally responsive agents that can simulate emotional intelligence increase the acceptance of users towards them, as the feeling of empathy reduces negative perceptual feedback. This has fostered research on emotional intelligence during last decades, and nowadays numerous cloud and local tools for automatic emotional recognition are available, even for inexperienced users. These tools however usually focus on the recognition of discrete emotions sensed from one communication channel, even though multimodal approaches have been shown to have advantages over unimodal approaches. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to show our approach for multimodal emotion recognition using Kalman filters for the fusion of available discrete emotion recognition tools. The proposed system has been modularly developed based on an evolutionary approach so to be integrated in our digital ecosystems, and new emotional recognition sources can be easily integrated. Obtained results show improvements over unimodal tools when recognizing naturally displayed emotions.Item The Role of Data in Health Sciences Ecosystems: Experiences Within a Psychoeducation-Oriented IT Platform(IGI Global, 2022-01-18) Marcos-Pablos, S.; Juanes-Méndez, J. A.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.This chapter aims to provide an overview of the importance of data governance in digital ecosystems in the province of healthcare and to place special emphasis on the significance of taking business processes into account from the early stages of development of this type of solution. It should be borne in mind that business processes are not only those that produce economic benefits, but also those that provide added value for the entire ecosystem and make it sustainable over time. The chapter ends by exemplifying the above discussed approach in a specific use case of a platform initially conceived for the psychoeducation of formal and informal caregivers. Said platform has been conceived using a business process modelling approach focused on data exploitation from the early stages of development, which has allowed services, stakeholders, and potential users of the ecosystem to be extended far beyond the initial ecosystem goal.Item An Online Sales System to Be Managed by People with Mental Illness(Springer, 2021-04-01) García-Holgado, A.; Marcos-Pablos, S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.The percentage of the population aged 65 and over is increasing during the last decades. It is one of the problems that the European health system, and in particular the Spanish system, has to face out. This increase is linked to the rising of dependent people, whose suffer progressive deterioration of both their physical and mental capacities. In this context, technology plays a key role in improving the quality of life, not only of older people but also their caregivers. A technological ecosystem to support patients with mental illness, their caregivers, and the connection with their relatives was developed in pre-vious works. This solution is prepared to evolve according to the users’ and organization’s needs. In this sense, the present work describes the inclusion of a new software tool, an online sales platform that promotes active ageing, seeking that it can be used and managed by older people who may have cognitive impairment problems. Although there are many e-commerce platforms on the market, they not consider users with special needs. The objective has not been to develop a software prototype from scratch, but to focus on aspects relating to accessibility and usability to improve online stores and apply these improve-ments to an existing solution, following the philosophy of Open Source software development. This work aims to describe the definition process itself.Item Guidelines for performing Systematic Research Projects Reviews(2020-06-01) García-Holgado, A.; Marcos-Pablos, S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.There are different methods and techniques to carry out systematic reviews in order to address a set of research questions or getting the state of the art of a particular topic, but there is no a method to carry out a systematic analysis of research projects not only based on scientific publications. The main challenge is the difference between research projects and scientific literature. Research projects are a collection of information in different formats and available in different places. Even projects from the same funding call follow a different structure in most of the cases, despite there were some requirements that they should meet at the end of the funding period. Furthermore, the sources in which the scientific literature is available provide metadata and powerful search tools, meanwhile most of the research projects are not stored in public and accessible databases, or the databases usually do not provide enough information and tools to conduct a systematic search. For this reason, this work provides the guidelines to support systematics reviews of research projects following the method called Systematic Research Projects Review (SRPR). This methodology is based on the Kitchenham’s adaptation of the systematic literature review.Item Modelling the business structure of a digital health ecosystem(ACM, 2019-10-16) Marcos-Pablos, S.; García-Holgado, A.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.The current trend in digital solutions for the health sector is to move from fragmented services to progressively more integrated services provided by multiple stakeholders through technological ecosystem platforms. However, the business model is scarcely taken into account at the early stages of development of this type of ecosystems specially in the health sector. In the present paper a general approach towards the exploitation of a technological ecosystem focused on caregivers is presented. It follows the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) in order to develop different ecosystem’s exploitation alternatives, taking into account the ecosystem stakeholders and their main value propositions. This serves as a starting data model in the software development process from which different business exploitation alternatives can be elaboratedItem Data exploitation model in a health ecosystem to support formal and informal caregivers(MDPI, 2019-12-02) Marcos-Pablos, S.; García-Holgado, A.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Business interactions are rarely taken into account at the early stages of development of software ecosystems in the health sector, which makes these kinds of solutions to stay as conceptual proposals or rapidly discontinued after deployment. In the present paper we describe our approach towards the exploitation of a technological ecosystem focused on learning and knowledge management processes to develop and enhance the caregiving competences of formal and informal caregivers, both at home and in care environments. The definition of the business process has been done using the BPMN standard, which allows to further include the business model in the definition of the data taxonomyItem A model to define an eHealth technological ecosystem for caregivers(Springer Nature, 2019-04-30) García-Holgado, A.; Marcos-Pablos, S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.The ageing of world population has a direct impact on the health and care systems, as it means an increase in the number of people needing care which leads to higher care costs and the need for more resources. In this context, informal caregivers play an important role as they enable dependent persons to stay at home and thus reduce care costs. However, long-term continuous care provision has also an impact in the physical and mental health of the caregivers. Moreover, geographical barriers make it difficult for caregivers to accessing psychoeducation as a way to alleviate their problems. To support caregivers in their needs and provide specialized training, technology plays a fundamental role. The present work provides the theoretical basis for the development of a technological ecosystem focused on learning and knowledge management processes to develop and enhance the caregiving competences of formal and informal caregivers, both at home and in care en-vironments. In particular, a platform-specific model to support the defini-tion of the ecosystem based on Open Source software components is pre-sented, along with a Business Model Canvas to define the business struc-ture as part of the human elements of the technological ecosystemItem Technological ecosystems in the health sector: a mapping study of European research projects(Springer Nature, 2019-03-14) García-Holgado, A.; Marcos-Pablos, S.; Therón-Sánchez, R.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.The European Union has a substantial investment in research and development and demand side-measures in the health sector in order to promote new initiatives, prevent disease and foster healthy lifestyles. In particular, the European Commission and other European entities have funded research projects focused on the use of technology in the health sector. In this context, health research initiatives have evolved from user-centred monolithic solutions into collaborative partnerships of different stakeholders that gather around different technological platforms. In order to identify the lacks and opportunities in this area, a systematic mapping study was conducted with the aim of identifying and analysing the recent research projects developed in Europe related to technological ecosystems in the health sector. The study covered closed European research projects from 2003 to 2018. This paper aims to extend that systematic mapping study through ongoing research projects. The analysis of these research projects provides an overview of the current trends and identify the lacks and opportunities to define new advances in this research area. Moreover, the comparison between the first mapping study focused on closed projects, and the current study, allows getting an overview of the evolution of technological ecosystems in the health sector