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Item Questionnaire with university students on STEM studies in Higher Education (QSTEMHE)(GRIAL Research Group, 2024-02) Verdugo-Castro, Sonia; García-Holgado, Alicia; Sánchez-Gómez, Mª CruzIn some countries, there is gender segregation in some fields of study, one case being the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) sector. For this reason, the Questionnaire with university students on STEM studies in Higher Education (QSTEMHE) has been designed. The instrument has been empirically validated (Verdugo-Castro et al., 2022b). It is part of the research carried out through Sonia Verdugo-Castro's doctoral thesis at the University of Salamanca (Verdugo-Castro, 2022). The objective pursued with the application of the QSTEMHE questionnaire is to find out the gender stereotypes that university students have about higher STEM studies once the factors that affect this gender gap have been identified (Verdugo-Castro, García-Holgado, et al., 2023). The questionnaire is composed of four blocks, two of which contain socio-demographic and contextual questions, another contains open questions (Verdugo-Castro, Sánchez-Gómez, et al., 2023) and another block contains items in which statements are made to which one must respond with the degree of agreement or disagreement about the opinion that one has as a university student about higher studies related to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Verdugo-Castro et al., 2020, 2022a). The dimensions to which the validated opinion items are associated are Gender Ideology (D3), Interests (D1), Attitudes (D4), Perception and Self-perception (D2) and Expectations about Science (D5) (Verdugo-Castro et al., 2022b). Concerning some questions linked to gender, the research has been approached with respect and inclusion of the different gender identities, knowing that gender is not limited to the binary classification of male and female. However, some questions refer to men and women due to the historical tendency of segregation between the two genders in the field of study. In the application of the questionnaire in the framework of the doctoral thesis of Sonia Verdugo-Castro (Verdugo-Castro, 2022), the data obtained have been processed in an aggregated and anonymous way once the favourable report of the Bioethics Committee (CBE) of the University of Salamanca has been obtained, with registration number 557. Finally, some items have been deleted since the instrument has been subjected to validation procedures. For this reason, in this final version presented, next to the codes identifying each item, in some of them, there is a reference in italics and in grey, in brackets, which is associated with the identifying values of the questionnaire in its first version.Item The Work Experience of Graduates as a Motivating Element in the Teaching-Learning Process(Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2022-07-21) González-Rogado, A. B.; Vivar-Quintana, A. M.; Rodríguez-Barrios, D. T.; Ramos-Gavilán, A. B.The current labour market context requires Universities to continuously adapt to changes to train students who can respond to the market's needs. Based on their professional experience, university graduates can and must be an essential element for university education to be in line with the labour market. This article presents a proposal for integrating graduates in the teaching-learning process, playing an active role. The study has been developed in the context of a bachelor's degree (Bachelor's Degree in Computer Engineering) and a master's degree (Master's Degree in Secondary School Teaching). The satisfaction survey results show that the experience has been very positive for our students. At the same time, it helps reduce the students' insecurity concerning their professional future.Item Mentoring for future female engineers: pilot at the Higher Polytechnic School of Zamora(IEEE, 2021-09-30) González-Rogado, A. B.; García-Holgado, A.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.The gender gap is a problem that affects all areas and regions in the world. The lack of females depends on different external and internal factors that make it a complex problem. In particular, this gap is most pronounced in engineering. Engineering and technical studies have a shortage of female vocations and a high dropout rate. In this paper, we present the pilot peer-mentoring programme, which has been carried out in the 2020-21 academic year at the University of Salamanca in the Higher Polytechnic School of Zamora. Mentoring has been given to first-year female students of engineering degrees. The implementation of the pilot programme has provided helpful information for implementing the mentoring programme from the 2021-22 academic year.Item Development of a SPOC of Computer Ethics for students of Computer Science degree(IEEE, 2021-09-30) García-Holgado, A.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.; Therón, R.; Vázquez-Ingelmo, A.; Gamazo-García, A.; González-González, C. S.; Gil Iranzo, R.; Frango Silveira, I.; Alier-Forment, M.Technology brings different benefits to society and involves challenges and ethical dilemmas that must be considered during any technology development. In this sense, graduates must recognise the social, legal, ethical and cultural issues inherent to the discipline of computer science. However, there is a lack of integration of computer ethics in the computer science curriculum in Spanish universities. This work introduces a pilot experience to develop a Small Private Open Course (SPOC) to introduce computer ethics as an extracurricular activity in the Bachelor’s Degree of Computer Engineering at the University of Salamanca.Item Gender gap perception of computer science students in Costa Rica: A case study in two public universities(CEUR-WS.org, 2021-10-28) García-Holgado, A.; Estrada, M.; Marín, G.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Gender equality is among the objectives of governments, companies, public institutions and other different entities. There are various challenges related to the gender gap that affect different parts of society. In particular, the gender gap associated with the technology sector is a well-known problem for which organizations are looking for solutions. It starts in primary education and continues into the professional field. The number of women who start and finish higher education programs related to computer science and informatics shows alarming figures in most countries and regions worldwide. In Costa Rica, the number of women enrolled in these programs in 2017 was around 20% despite the fact that this country is well ranked in the Global Gender Gap Index, both globally and in the Latin America and the Caribbean region. This study aims to analyze the perception of computing students concerning the gender gap in computer science studies in two public universities in Costa Rica. We applied a validated instrument that identifies computer engineering students’ perceptions of gender and diversity issues divided into three dimensions: academic perception, social perception and professional competence. The results indicate the gender influences in most of the items related to academic perception and people who experienced discrimination, themselves or a relative, are more sensitive to the inequalities (N=228).Item Improving Institutional Repositories through User-Centered Design: Indicators from a Focus Group(MDPI, 2021-11-02) González-Pérez, L. I.; Ramírez-Montoya, M. S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.User experience with intuitive and flexible digital platforms can be enjoyable and satisfying. A strategy to deliver such an experience is to place the users at the center of the design process and analyze their beliefs and perceptions to add appropriate platform features. This study conducted with focus groups as a qualitative method of data collection to investigate users’ preferences and develop a new landing page for institutional repositories with attractive functionalities based on their information-structural rules. The research question was: What are the motivations and experiences of users in an academic community when publishing scientific information in an institutional repository? The focus group technique used in this study had three sessions. Results showed that 50% of the participants did not know the functionalities of the institutional repository nor its benefits. Users’ perceptions of platforms such as ResearchGate or Google Scholar that provide academic production were also identified. The findings showed that motivating an academic community to use an institutional repository requires technological functions, user guidelines that identify what can or cannot be published in open access, and training programs for open access publication practices and institutional repository use. These measures align with global strategies to strengthen the digital identities of scientific communities and thus benefit open science.Item e-Learning quality assessment in higher education: A mapping study(ACM, 2020-10-21) Ortiz-López, A.; Olmos-Migueláñez, S.; Sánchez-Prieto, J. C.Quality assessment is today a success factor and a guarantee in the implementation and development of countless initiatives, programs and strategies in a very wide variety of fields. For this reason, in an educational field in a constant transformation, the evaluation of the quality of each process, phase and tool must be understood as an essential and basic part in teaching, betting on the implementation of quality evaluation processes in the virtual environment and also trying to adapt reality to new learning environments. In the present moment, in a society in which everything has to be evaluated, the establishment of evaluation standards for new instruments and the standardization of accepted and validated processes will also make virtual teaching-learning environments more reliable and effective. This research proposes a mapping study with the aim to find out the situation in which the research on quality evaluation in e-Learning in higher education finds itself. The criteria used for the selection of publications are concise and the complete process carried out is reflected in each of its phases. The results allow us to describe the current reality in a temporal perspective and the state of the art, in order to address the potential future lines of research in the field of quality assessment in virtual environments.Item Gender gap perceptions of computing students: a case study in two Spanish universities(IEEE, 2020-12-03) García-Holgado, A.; González-González, C. S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Reducing the gender gap is one of the main challenges that society is facing. Equality, not only of women but of different gender identities, is one of the European Union's priorities, as well as of a large part of the developed countries. In particular, in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), the gender gap is visible both in the academic and professional fields. In higher education, according to the Women in Digital Scoreboard, in Europe, only 17% of ICT specialists are women. This figure is lower in Spain, with only 16%. According to the Ministry of Education in Spain, the percentage of women in computer science studies in 2018-2019 was 12.93%. This study aims to analyze the perception of computing students concerning the gender gap in computer science studies. In particular, the study was carried out in two Spanish universities located in different regions (N=95).Item Planning, Communication and Active Methodologies: Online Assessment of the Software Engineering Subject during the COVID-19 Crisis(2021-02-21) García-Peñalvo, F. J.; García-Holgado, A.; Vázquez-Ingelmo, A.; Sánchez-Prieto, J. C.The coronavirus pandemic has had a high impact worldwide. The health crisis has not only had an impact on people's own health and on health systems, but has also affected other areas. In the educational context, the lockdown measures implemented by different governments have challenged the learning ecosystem. In the case of higher education in Spain, with a strong attendance factor in most public universities, face-to-face classes were interrupted after a month in the second term, ending the academic year in the online mode. This change has meant a great effort on the teachers’ side to transform the face-to-face teaching into the online approach, which in many cases has meant quite a comprehensive new design of the subject, changing the evaluation process and the methodologies used. This work presents a success case of online assessment developed in the Software Engineering I subject of the Degree in Computer Engineering at the University of Salamanca. The objective is to show how the previous use of active methodologies and the integration of educational technologies in classroom-based teaching facilitates the transformation of assessment to an online or blended approach while maintaining a high degree of student involvement and satisfaction. After presenting a comparison between the face-to-face approach and the adaptation to the online approach, an analysis is made of the learning results and student satisfaction concerning previous academic years. The results show that the change of approach has not reduced the satisfaction results obtained in previous courses. In terms of learning outcomes, there is an overall increase in the grades obtained by students in all assessment itemsItem The Digital Competence of Pre-Service Educators: The Influence of Personal Variables(MDPI, 2021-02-20) Cabezas-González, M.; Casillas-Martín, S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Currently, 21st century students need competences that enable them to adapt to a new type of individual information and individual knowledge relationship, and, therefore, the education system should contemplate new ways for learners to develop in accordance with this so-called information and knowledge society. One of special importance is so-called digital competency. This article presents the results of a research study to determine the influence that the variables of gender, age, and academic degree have on the acquisition of digital competence by pre-service educators, with a sample of 370 students from different education degrees from the University of Salamanca (Spain). A quantitative methodology was used, employing a non-experimental method and the electronic survey technique to collect information on the dimensions of knowledge, as well as the management of and attitude towards information and communication technologies (ICTs). Data were analyzed inferentially from a comparison of means using nonparametric tests. This analysis was completed with the incorporation of Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, which allowed us to graphically verify the differences between the subsamples and thus compare the different groups in relation to the proposed dimensions. The main conclusion was that the three variables studied can be considered as influential, though not determinant, in the acquisition of digital competency.