Digital Modules

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repositorio.grial.eu/handle/grial/118

Digital Modules produced during Multicultural Interdisciplinary Handbook
(MIH Comenius Multilateral Project)

Browse

Now showing 1 - 20 of 35

1848-’49 in Italy: a war of people, a war of armies
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Crivellari, Cinzia
Of the three revolutionary cycles, echoing through the U.S.A. and Europe following the Congress of Vienna, the last one definitely revealed the typical features of the Italian movement. These were a democratic demand for a Constitution, a yearning for national independence in order to free Italian territories from the “foreign” presence and build a new independent State, in which way was yet to be defined. These two feelings have often blurred and blended: in some episodes the demands for equality are overwhelming, while in other cases the will and need to establish as soon as possible a State based on “freedom and independence” appears to prevail. A number of thinkers, artists scholars, poets and musicians encouraged this wide movement in different ways: on one side, by fighting as volunteers in irregular armies. Others, in parallel, were indirectly helping the struggle by secretly canvassing and supporting the organisation from abroad. The most important and active was with no doubt Giuseppe Mazzini. Victim of persecution in his own country, while living in different cities like Geneva, Marseille and London, he had restlessly plotted and attempted coups on absolute monarchies' kings. Ultimately, the goal he was to pursue so hard was the ideal of Italy as a Republic, united from north to south free from any kind of foreign domination. During the 1848/49 biennium, some temporary governments were instituted in many Italian cities, as a consequence of revolutionary uprising. They didn’t just limit their action to a military defence, but they even passed real constitution, in order to ensure public order and enforce laws. As popular uprisings were taking place in some cities against despotic rulers and foreign domination, the Savoy Kingdom of Sardinia took military action: it declared war on the Austrian Empire and moved its armies towards Lombardy and the Veneto. Thus began what would become in the official history of Italy the First War of Independence, in which the monarchist armies of Savoy, Giuseppe Garibaldi’s volunteers, the Pontifical troops of Pius IX and those of Leopold of Tuscany would fight together against the common enemy, Austria, until diplomatic reasons and political opportunism would lead the Pope to withdraw his forces unexpectedly and the King of Sardinia to sign an unexpected, disappointing armistice with the Austro – Hungarian empire.
Arbeitsmigranten in den 60er und 70er Jahren in der Bundesrepublik - "Gastarbeiter"
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena
Bedingt durch den wirtschaftlichen Wiederaufbau der Bundesrepublik gab es einen langanhaltenden wirtschaftlichen Boom(„Wirtschaftswunder“) mit einem hohen Bedarf an Arbeitskräften. Bis 1961 konnte der wachsende Bedarf durch den Zuzug qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte aus der DDR gedeckt werden. Nach dem Bau der Mauer 1961 versiegte diese Quelle schlagartig und die Bundesrepublik war auf Arbeitskräfte aus anderen Regionen angewiesen. In den 60er und 70er Jahren wurden aus Südeuropa Arbeitskräfte angeworben, zunächst aus Italien, dann aus Portugal und Spanien, später aus südosteuropäischen Ländern und zunehmend aus der Türkei. 1964 gab es bereits über eine Millionen Arbeitsmigranten in der Bundesrepublik. Nach dem Verständnis der Unternehmen, der Regierungen und eines Großteils der Bevölkerung wurden die Arbeitsmigranten als vorübergehende Gäste angesehen, daher nannte man sie auch „Gastarbeiter“. Nach einer gewissen Zeit, wenn sie ökonomisch nicht mehr gebraucht werden sollten, sollten sie in ihre Länder zurückkehren. Viele blieben jedoch dauerhaft und später zogen teilweise auch ihre Familien nach. In dem Modul geht es im Wesentlichen um das Bild, das sich die Deutschen von den Fremden in ihrem Land machten.
Die befreiung von nationalsozialistischen konzentrationslagern am beispiel mauthausen
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea
Die Todesstiege vom Granitsteinbruch „Wiener Graben“ hinauf zum KZ Mauthausen wurde zu einem Symbol für die Idee der Nationalsozialisten, Menschen durch harte Arbeit auszubeuten und zu töten. Im März 1938 besetzten Truppen des nationalsozialistischen Regimes Österreich. Das Land wurde in „Ostmark“ umbenannt – im „Gau Oberdonau“ in der Nähe der Stadt Linz, auf einer Anhöhe über der Donau wurde nur wenige Wochen nach dem „Anschluss“ mit dem Bau eines Konzentrationslagers begonnen. Das Lager wurde an dieser Stelle errichtet, da sich in unmittelbarer Nähe ertragreiche Granitsteinbrüche befanden. Die Organisation des Lagers lag in den Händen der SS, deren oberster Kommandant Heinrich Himmler war Ziel der SS in Mauthausen war es, die Arbeitskraft der Häftlinge bis zu ihrer kompletten Erschöpfung und bis zu ihrem Tod auszunützen. Tausende von Häftlingen arbeiteten von 1938 bis 1945 am Bau des Lagers und der vierzig Nebenlager, für Rüstungsbetriebe oder im Bergbau. Rund 200 000 Menschen wurden in diesen Jahren in Mauthausen ausgebeutet, jeder Zweite überlebte dies nicht! Das Lager wurde im Mai 1945 durch amerikanische Truppen befreit.
European migrations to the United States
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Mesnard, Eric
Between 1850 and 1930, the US greeted millions of migrants and its population increased from 23 to 130 million inhabitants. Most of those migrants were European. Thanks to these men and women who dreamt of a “promised land”, the “new country” grew.
German propaganda during the World War II
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Hadrysiak, Sylwia
Propaganda is a deliberate action aimed at shaping attitudes and behavior in certain individu-als or communities through the imposition of specific content and the interpretation of them. Propaganda often uses false arguments and refers to the emotions rather than reason. Propaganda uses film, print, photography, radio, television and now even the Internet. Its development coincided with the nineteenth century and was related to the formation of mass political movements, the development of parliamentary democracy and the necessity to struggle for election. Propaganda played unusually large role in totalitarian (the USSR and the Third Reich) and fascist (Italy and Spain) states. At the end of the twentieth century, with the spread of mass media (radio, television), propaganda took the form of advertising, linking up with mass culture. In everyday language propaganda is synonymous to lies and manipulation. The term’s negative connotations are also due to phenomena such as Goebbels’ propaganda, which dealt mainly with promoting the ideology of the Third Reich, and above all, racism, the theory of it being necessary to expand the lebensraum.
Immigration of the European population to the United States in the nineteenth century
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Hadrysiak, Sylwia
Migration - permanent or temporary change of residence. Movement of population is a natural phenomenon and occurred in all historical periods. Increasing migration occurred in the nineteenth and early twentieth century and was primarily due to poor material situation at home (economic migration), or the political situation at home (political migration). The forms of migration can be divided into emigration - departure, immigration - arrival, refugee/exile - escape, evacuation - organized by the state in order to avoid the expected risk, repatriation - the return of citizens from a foreign territory, organized by their country, resettlement-resettlement of nationals within its borders , deportation - the forced resettlement of a person or a group of people on the periphery of the country or outside its borders.
Industrial areas and development in Düsseldorf in the beginning of the 20th century
(Siegen University, 2011) Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena; Kuhn, Bärbel
In the beginning of the 20th century the processing industry boomed. In consequence, people moved from the countryside to the city. Hence the following developments occurred:
Italian emigration to America from 1861 at the end of World War I
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Bianchi, Silvana
In all periods of history groups of men have moved from their territories in search of better living conditions, but of the century this phenomenon has assumed quantitative and spatial particularly dilated. The Italians were then between the protagonists of a real escape and, in countries of immigration, have become the subject of prejudice and false accusations, often the same day that reproduce themselves against foreigners who arrive in the peninsula in search of work.
L’immeuble de Paris au XIXe siècle
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Aprile, Thierry
Le dossier illustre 3 moments de l’évolution de la société d’une capitale européenne, marquée par un même mouvement mêlant nouvelles formes de l’urbanisation, et industrialisation. Dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, une population très mélangée de riches, de pauvres, de travailleurs et de rentiers vit dans un même immeuble. Pendant le Second Empire, la France est gouvernée par Napoléon III, le neveu de Napoléon Bonaparte. Il veut faire de Paris une capitale moderne et confie cette tâche à un haut fonctionnaire, Haussmann, qu’il nomme préfet de Paris. Celui-ci modifie en profondeur l’apparence de Paris et développe des formes urbaines déjà expérimentées avant lui (grandes artères de circulation, façades homogènes d’immeubles …). Au début des années 1880, deux images montrent le « Paris qui travaille ». Ces images, et le texte qui les accompagne, illustrent une nouvelle géographie sociale : le développement économique a multiplié les activités et les professions au cœur de la ville ; mais les ouvriers sont relégués hors de la ville, dans des banlieues proches où se trouvent désormais leurs usines.
Liberated prisoners of Nazi camps freed in 1945 and 1946
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
Establishment of a network of Nazi concentration and extermination (death) camps during World War II was the most horrible manifestation of human bestiality in world’s history. In Hitler’s plan, extermination camps were supposed to be used to eliminate the whole nations. Criminal activities in the camps that were organized mainly in Easter-Central Europe and in Germany were stopped only by advent of the Allies who systematically liberated successive “death factories”. This way they freed several thousand prisoners, who had been devoid of hope for survival. But did “freedom” mean the same as “liberation” for people who experienced evil that occurred in Nazi death camps? Was it possible for them to return to normal life? Could the "normal world" exist after the tragedy of war and destruction?
Migration from Germany to the United States in the 19th century
(Siegen University, 2011) Klotz, Anna-Lena; Kuhn, Bärbel; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Homrighausen, Sahra; Fenske, Uta; Heck, Volker
At the end of the 19th century Germany became an immigration destination country. Until that time people rather emigrated from it – mainly because of socio-economic reasons. In times of crisis, more and more people emigrated. During the 19th century there were three waves of emigration: a) the years after the 1848 revolution, b) 1865-1874/75 and c) in the 1880s: 1880-1894. The United States was the country most of the migrants wanted to go to.
Migration from Germany to the USA in the 19th century – the situation in the USA
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Homrighausen, Sahra; Fenske, Uta; Heck, Volker
The pupils learn something about the conditions in the USA with which migrants were confronted. They learn where German migrants settled, how they were perceived by Americans and how they experienced their own situation.
Nineteenth-century industrial cities
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
Nineteenth century, called the age of steam and electricity, transformed not only the European society, but also the landscape, especially in the cities. Workshops were put in the shade by huge industrial plants. Aristocratic palaces paled in comparison with luxury and modern residences of factory-owners. The old structure of the society (which was divided before into the patricians, the common people and the plebs) was replaced by a new division to bourgeoisie – owners of manufactories, factories, warehouses (usually not from the nobility), petite bourgeoisie (lower middle class)– craftsmen, owners of small workshops, shopkeepers, etc.; intelligentsia –people living with mental work called also white-collar workers (clerks, doctors, lawyers, journalists); and proletariat – the workers. At the same time, the gap between the richest layers of the entrepreneurs, who lived in splendour residences and spent their time on sophisticated entertainment, and the broad masses of workers employed by them, who lived in poverty, started to increase. These contrasts triggered social conflicts and gave birth to extreme ideologies such as communism. It is much easier to understand these complex processes while looking at the portraits of nineteenth-century industrial cities and the everyday life of their populations.
Polish political emigration in the nineteenth century
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
The materials "Polish political emigration in the nineteenth century" may be used during investigation of subjects related to Polish history as well as political and social changes in Europe after the Congress of Vienna. It seems desirable to point out universal and everlasting character of the phenomenon of political exile and harassment of people, also today, because of their opinions and beliefs. The materials were arranged in such a way that the history of Polish immigrants (not only after uprisings) are presented against similar movements in Europe that resulted from anachronistic (comparing to the changes launched in Europe by the French Revolution) social and political order established by the Congress of Vienna. Special attention is paid to presentation of the political diversity of the environment of refugees, the perception of this movement among the societies of the continent, and the convergence of the goals of political exiles of various nationalities. In addition to the political objectives of their activities, the author tried to draw attention to some aspects of daily life in exile. Presenting the importance of artistic creations of emigrants, to propagate the objectives of the environment struggle among the international public opinion, was also considered an important issue.
Political migration from Germany during National Socialism: the case of Thomas Mann
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker
Thomas Mann tried to deal with the subject of fascism quite early. As a Nobel Prize Winner and a symbol of “decent Germany “ he was very soon asked by other exiles to take a firm stand against national socialism and to support other less known exiles who did that. Thomas Mann did not comply with this request. The document of 1936, published in the Zürcher Zeitung was his first public statement against National Socialism. The German administration was thinking a lot about Thomas Mann, wondering whether to expatriate him or not. The Foreign Office was against it because they feared an enormous loss of the reputation of Germany. However, after the publication of Thomas Mann’s letter they started the expatriation process. Still, it is interesting that nobody was in a hurry to do that. They were awaiting the Olympic Games, so they did not want the possible damage to the reputation to impair the enormous propaganda success of the event. They were also afraid of the boycotts of the Olympic Games, which should be avoided by all means.
Propaganda in the First World War
(UNA - University of Augsburg, 2011) Kortler, Lena
In the First World war, modern media like films and images, postcards and posters were used for different propaganda purposes. The population was confronted with it at many levels, which facilitated mental mobilization. The images were not only published in relevant magazines, like Simplicissimus or Kladderadatsch, but also used as decorations on everyday objects like stamps and porcelain. Children were also prepared for war by means of toys. Dolls and teddy bears with uniforms substituted conventional toys. In addition, modern telecommunications allowed a quick spread of propaganda, so that, within the shortest time, the latest news could be announced all over Germany and worldwide. Intercontinental undersea cables, electricity and the world telegraphic network enabled worldwide exchange of information. As regards various means of propaganda, one should differentiate between the propaganda which refers to one’s own land and the one which agitates against the enemy. The image of Germany abroad was mostly that of the ugly German, the Hun, who violates the neighbouring states and turns them into ashes. As far as the style of representation is concerned, the French and British propaganda images directed against Germany were very similar. The self-image of the Germans was always positive, e.g. that of a peaceful population and a cultural nation.
Propaganda in World War I
(GRIAL - Universidad de Salamanca, 2011) Puente López de Pablo, Antonio
World War I involved the biggest military confrontation throughout Human History until that time. The confronted countries tried by all means to justify the armed conflict to their populations, which would suffer the most terrible consequences. In order to achieve this goal massive propaganda was used for the first time. All the countries without any exception got into an advertising campaign aimed at gaining the mass control in their corresponding states , so that the country could be gathered in front of the common enemy and guarantee victory which, otherwise, would practically be impossible.
Reign of Terror and Displacement 1939-1949
(UNA - University of Augsburg, 2011) Kortler, Lena; Fendt, Christian; Simmet, Oliver
After the First World War, the Czechoslovak state in which the Germans formed only a minority was founded. The relationship between Germans and Czechs remained difficult as a result of the founding of the state. In 1938, the Sudetenland was annexed to the German Reich; on 30.9.1938, the NS regime occupied the remainder of Czechia (“Rest-Tschechei”) as well. All Czech resistance was fought against uncompromisingly by imprisonment, detention in concentration camps, death sentences and retaliatory measures. Resulting from the war, during the six-year NS reign in Czechia, there also was ruthless exploitation of Czech workers. After the war, the displacement of Germans from Czechoslovakia followed. This controversial topic strains the German-Czech relations up to the present. Only under the umbrella of the European Union, reconciliation gradually succeeds.
Ressentiment, Conflict, destruction/extermination. Stereotypes of Poles
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker
The use of negative images and stereotypes is part of the major policy instruments of populist politicians. Therefore large parts of the population tend to believe in them and the stereotypes lay the ground for exclusion, persecution, pogroms and genocide. The history of the 20th century has been called an “age of extremes” (E. Hobsbawm) because a myriad of such persecutions and exterminations took place. In 1919, after the end of World War I, a lot of these negative images and stereotypes existed in Germany, p.e. against the Social Democrats who were called “unpatriotic” because they allegedly had fallen the undefeated army in the back, against the Jews who were pictured as “world conspirators” that had pushed Germany and (optionally all other countries) into the war but also against the German neighbors who fought on the Allied side. Anglophobe tirades were part of the rhetoric of every politician who followed imperialist objectives, especially since Wilhelm II started to build the naval fleet; since the liberation wars against Napoleon the French were called “hereditary enemies” of Germany; and the stereotype of the “Polish economy” (meaning chaos, mismanagement and crime) was created in the 18th century.
Show the War. Illustrated Press – between propaganda and a photo report
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Baldner, Jean Marie
World War I (WWI) is considered as the first modern war because of the use of new weapons and massive violence. Illustrated press, especially L’Illustration and Le Miroir, which applied “brainwashing” tactics during the first months of WWI in order to present the enemies as devils, offered realistic documentation, even if sometimes it served some prearranged purposes. Illustrated press published official military photographs and amateur photographs in order to show war conditions to the readers.