Digital Modules

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repositorio.grial.eu/handle/grial/118

Digital Modules produced during Multicultural Interdisciplinary Handbook
(MIH Comenius Multilateral Project)

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Arbeitsmigranten in den 60er und 70er Jahren in der Bundesrepublik - "Gastarbeiter"
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena
Bedingt durch den wirtschaftlichen Wiederaufbau der Bundesrepublik gab es einen langanhaltenden wirtschaftlichen Boom(„Wirtschaftswunder“) mit einem hohen Bedarf an Arbeitskräften. Bis 1961 konnte der wachsende Bedarf durch den Zuzug qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte aus der DDR gedeckt werden. Nach dem Bau der Mauer 1961 versiegte diese Quelle schlagartig und die Bundesrepublik war auf Arbeitskräfte aus anderen Regionen angewiesen. In den 60er und 70er Jahren wurden aus Südeuropa Arbeitskräfte angeworben, zunächst aus Italien, dann aus Portugal und Spanien, später aus südosteuropäischen Ländern und zunehmend aus der Türkei. 1964 gab es bereits über eine Millionen Arbeitsmigranten in der Bundesrepublik. Nach dem Verständnis der Unternehmen, der Regierungen und eines Großteils der Bevölkerung wurden die Arbeitsmigranten als vorübergehende Gäste angesehen, daher nannte man sie auch „Gastarbeiter“. Nach einer gewissen Zeit, wenn sie ökonomisch nicht mehr gebraucht werden sollten, sollten sie in ihre Länder zurückkehren. Viele blieben jedoch dauerhaft und später zogen teilweise auch ihre Familien nach. In dem Modul geht es im Wesentlichen um das Bild, das sich die Deutschen von den Fremden in ihrem Land machten.
Die befreiung von nationalsozialistischen konzentrationslagern am beispiel mauthausen
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea
Die Todesstiege vom Granitsteinbruch „Wiener Graben“ hinauf zum KZ Mauthausen wurde zu einem Symbol für die Idee der Nationalsozialisten, Menschen durch harte Arbeit auszubeuten und zu töten. Im März 1938 besetzten Truppen des nationalsozialistischen Regimes Österreich. Das Land wurde in „Ostmark“ umbenannt – im „Gau Oberdonau“ in der Nähe der Stadt Linz, auf einer Anhöhe über der Donau wurde nur wenige Wochen nach dem „Anschluss“ mit dem Bau eines Konzentrationslagers begonnen. Das Lager wurde an dieser Stelle errichtet, da sich in unmittelbarer Nähe ertragreiche Granitsteinbrüche befanden. Die Organisation des Lagers lag in den Händen der SS, deren oberster Kommandant Heinrich Himmler war Ziel der SS in Mauthausen war es, die Arbeitskraft der Häftlinge bis zu ihrer kompletten Erschöpfung und bis zu ihrem Tod auszunützen. Tausende von Häftlingen arbeiteten von 1938 bis 1945 am Bau des Lagers und der vierzig Nebenlager, für Rüstungsbetriebe oder im Bergbau. Rund 200 000 Menschen wurden in diesen Jahren in Mauthausen ausgebeutet, jeder Zweite überlebte dies nicht! Das Lager wurde im Mai 1945 durch amerikanische Truppen befreit.
European borders
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Mendibil, Didier
The geographic boundaries of Europe have been determined by history. They distinguish the territories of European peoples with more or less clarity and relevance according to places: for instance the oriental boundaries of Europe are rather fuzzy. The internal borders of Europe, which have often changed their location in the eighteenth century, show the marks of its eventful history because border changes often accompanied significant political events, especially wars. A close examination of the borders shows the diversity of reasons why they came into existence and the intricacy of their economic, politic, cultural and social consequences. One can come to a conclusion that borders reveal a historic and geographic complexity; thus, one has to learn to refer to them cautiously, depending on the local context.
Euroregions
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Consonni, Anna
A Euroregion is a transational cooperation structure between two or more territories of different countries of European Union (one in Italy and one in France, for instance) or of Europe (an Italian region and a Swiss canton, for instance). This cooperation main aim is to promote shared interests of borderlands populations. Euroregions shall be acknowledged by all nations involved, as their operating skills match those of their local authorities. Their characteristics and statute, as well as their functioning are not always the same everywhere. At the present time, there are more than 60 euro regions to be divided in 4 different main categories.
External and internal European borders
(GRIAL - Universidad de Salamanca, 2011) Puente López de Pablo, Antonio
The concept of Europe and its external /internal borders has been changing dramatically throughout History. From the most ancient concepts developed by the Greeks and the Romans about what Europe was and how it was physically up to present time , our continent has exceedingly changed its external and internal shapes depending on the knowledge which was being obtained about it. Thus from an eminently Mediterranean Europe as described and observed by the Greeks and Romans ,it started to turn into a continental Europe where new peoples, unknown up to then, were appearing in the centre and the north of the continent. These changes are due to both the geographic science development and the interest in discovering and studying all those peoples which were considered European ones. The overall result is our present concept of Europe and our sense of being members of this community. The internal borders in our continent have dramatically changed along its complex and long History. Most times these border movements have been the reason for wars which have caused a lot of victims. The change of borders among the European countries in the 20th century has been very tragic especially in the case of both World Wars which meant, as well as war killed people, a massive movement of people from their lands of origin to other different places. Luckily it seems that this stage has been got through and presently we tend to remove borders and to create a Common European Space.
Industrial areas and development in Düsseldorf in the beginning of the 20th century
(Siegen University, 2011) Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena; Kuhn, Bärbel
In the beginning of the 20th century the processing industry boomed. In consequence, people moved from the countryside to the city. Hence the following developments occurred:
Man on the move in 19th Century: Emigration Italy and globalisation
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Bianchi, Silvana
Space mobility is a constant in world and people history. Migration phenomena have become an important feature and took on a global character while they have extended their destinations over and over. In Italy we have experienced a sort of turnaround, comparing to a distant past and, after decades of intense emigration, this country has turned into a centre of attraction and call-up. Although it is difficult to get exact information about it and to lock up such a complex phenomenon as migration into a straight plan, nowadays it is necessary to know its trends and enclose them in a global analysis circuit. It is therefore possible to determine and picture its main features (paying attention to the words, of course) with charts an maps e carte that help us to highlight those main features. In this module, we will use tools like texts, charts, graphs and maps. These tools are helpful, indeed, to analyse and understand our territory and its economical and social phenomena liked to the territory itself.
Rome, the city
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Mendibil, Didier
A feature of the geography of Europe lies in an early and extensive urbanization. As early as in the antiquity, the city of Roma was the first and most famous illustration. Therefore we can be tempted to consider it as the archetypal European city so far without ignoring its irreducible originality. In this town, sometimes called "Urbs", the city, is it possible to find a little of all cities in Europe. One can search why they look alike when they are all unique. This fundamental duality is what we seek the students to feel in the three pedagogical moments of the sequence "Roma, the city". The first time seeks to find traces of the past of a city observing its monuments from different epochs, in the shape, orientation and layout of streets in different times and in the names that load places with cultural references sometimes mysterious but always in memory, at least as traces. The time depth of the urban material is what we want to make understand and it's rather easy to do it in Roma, this incomparable place of memory and concentrate of the traces of European civilization. The second time encourages to recognize that a city is also and always a technical organization to link men with multiple relationships by establishing specialized networks. Of special interest is the observation of the underground network which often constitutes the heart of urban mobility. We also examine how the roads give the city its fluidity and irrigate its expansion. The third time, by a special technique in images of the urban area of Roma, attempts to concretely illustrate the diversity of habitats, lifestyles and activities while seeking to show the impact of certain organization factors of urban space in all cities in Europe. This is the moment to compare the appearance, functions and density of different habitats and areas with the building policy of the municipality. As often, elsewhere in Europe, this one takes a long time to catch up and correct the imperfections of a socially segregated space.
Template for the Digital Modules
(2011) García Holgado, Alicia; García Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Seoane Pardo, Antonio M.; Zangrando, Valentina
The Overpopulation and Intermittent Emigration of Tyrolean Children
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea; Riegler, Franz
In the 19th century, industrialisation was established in many European regions. Factories were built, new railway lines were constructed and a number of new posts were created. To a small degree in the western districts of Tyrol, a large part of the Tyrolean population lived from the proceeds of agriculture. In the agriculturally less productive areas of the Upper Inn Valley and the Upper Vintschgau (area on the upper reaches of the River Etsch), the inhabitants were in a terrible predicament. Many families were no longer able to feed their children. As a result, every spring thousands of boys and girls went on foot into Swabia, an agriculturally rich area around Lake Constance, where they sought work as farming assistants for the summer. They offered their labour on the child labour markets in Friedrichshafen and Ravensburg. Now an old man, a witness at the time, Adolf Thurnes, remembers his time as a Swabian child thus: “At the child labour market in Friedrichshafen, the children stood positioned between ropes; the farmer picked up whichever child he liked the look of, lifted him over the ropes and took him home with him”. In late autumn, the children returned home with the little money they had earned in their pockets. The migrations of the Swabian children ended around 1920 when the Austrian school authorities insisted on the observance of compulsory education.
The Separation of South Tyrol from Austria and the Option Agreement as an example of Forced Migration in the 20th Century
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea; Riegler, Franz
These sections of this module are to show South Tyrol as an example of how internal borders have shifted in Europe as a result of the First World War, and which impacts the annexation of South Tyrol to Italy had. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy at the end of the First World War, South Tyrol was separated from Austria and incorporated into Italy. In the following years the Italianisation of South Tyrol was begun by the fascist-dominated Italian government. Under Hitler’s Nazi regime, both Hitler and Mussolini decided to give the German-speaking population in South Tyrol a choice of resettlement to the Third Reich (South Tyrol Option Agreement). In total, 75,000 people resettled and most settled in North Tyrol (present-day Austria). After 1945 the majority of people who had emigrated by choice returned to South Tyrol. The South Tyroleans were granted autonomy, although the implementation of this agreement took a very long time. In 1992 the level of self-government as envisaged in the agreement was implemented into Italian legislation in the form of an autonomy agreement.
Urbanization: Düsseldorf: The reorganization of the city after WWII
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena
After WWII, Düsseldorf was mostly destroyed. The reorganization of the city after WWII followed – at least partly – plans that originated in the Third Reich, aiming at a car-friendly city. The economic development and the individualization of traffic required a new traffic concept.
Vienna – Population Dynamics and Urban Expansion in the 19th Century
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Riegler, Franz
As the capital of the Habsburg monarchy from the beginning of the 19th century until the outbreak of the First World War, Vienna experienced a huge increase in population. This affected both the city’s urban sprawl and population dynamics. In 1910 the population of Vienna was more than 2 million, but by 1980 had subsequently fallen by half a million. Parallel to the strong population growth, the settlement area of the city and its suburbs increased rapidly in size. While the basic structure of the city remained in place, the area between the city and the suburbs experienced a significant change. A comparison between a photo taken at the end of the 18th century and a satellite image from 2000 clearly shows that the old urban structures are still recognisable today. Typical and characteristic of a plan of a European city is the development of zonular expansion and the inclusion of villages in its urban expansion. At the turn of the 20th century, Vienna was a melting pot of people of different languages and origins. Subsequently, Czechs and Slovaks have been recognised as minorities in the Austrian state.