Digital Modules

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repositorio.grial.eu/handle/grial/118

Digital Modules produced during Multicultural Interdisciplinary Handbook
(MIH Comenius Multilateral Project)

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Arbeitsmigranten in den 60er und 70er Jahren in der Bundesrepublik - "Gastarbeiter"
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena
Bedingt durch den wirtschaftlichen Wiederaufbau der Bundesrepublik gab es einen langanhaltenden wirtschaftlichen Boom(„Wirtschaftswunder“) mit einem hohen Bedarf an Arbeitskräften. Bis 1961 konnte der wachsende Bedarf durch den Zuzug qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte aus der DDR gedeckt werden. Nach dem Bau der Mauer 1961 versiegte diese Quelle schlagartig und die Bundesrepublik war auf Arbeitskräfte aus anderen Regionen angewiesen. In den 60er und 70er Jahren wurden aus Südeuropa Arbeitskräfte angeworben, zunächst aus Italien, dann aus Portugal und Spanien, später aus südosteuropäischen Ländern und zunehmend aus der Türkei. 1964 gab es bereits über eine Millionen Arbeitsmigranten in der Bundesrepublik. Nach dem Verständnis der Unternehmen, der Regierungen und eines Großteils der Bevölkerung wurden die Arbeitsmigranten als vorübergehende Gäste angesehen, daher nannte man sie auch „Gastarbeiter“. Nach einer gewissen Zeit, wenn sie ökonomisch nicht mehr gebraucht werden sollten, sollten sie in ihre Länder zurückkehren. Viele blieben jedoch dauerhaft und später zogen teilweise auch ihre Familien nach. In dem Modul geht es im Wesentlichen um das Bild, das sich die Deutschen von den Fremden in ihrem Land machten.
Die befreiung von nationalsozialistischen konzentrationslagern am beispiel mauthausen
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea
Die Todesstiege vom Granitsteinbruch „Wiener Graben“ hinauf zum KZ Mauthausen wurde zu einem Symbol für die Idee der Nationalsozialisten, Menschen durch harte Arbeit auszubeuten und zu töten. Im März 1938 besetzten Truppen des nationalsozialistischen Regimes Österreich. Das Land wurde in „Ostmark“ umbenannt – im „Gau Oberdonau“ in der Nähe der Stadt Linz, auf einer Anhöhe über der Donau wurde nur wenige Wochen nach dem „Anschluss“ mit dem Bau eines Konzentrationslagers begonnen. Das Lager wurde an dieser Stelle errichtet, da sich in unmittelbarer Nähe ertragreiche Granitsteinbrüche befanden. Die Organisation des Lagers lag in den Händen der SS, deren oberster Kommandant Heinrich Himmler war Ziel der SS in Mauthausen war es, die Arbeitskraft der Häftlinge bis zu ihrer kompletten Erschöpfung und bis zu ihrem Tod auszunützen. Tausende von Häftlingen arbeiteten von 1938 bis 1945 am Bau des Lagers und der vierzig Nebenlager, für Rüstungsbetriebe oder im Bergbau. Rund 200 000 Menschen wurden in diesen Jahren in Mauthausen ausgebeutet, jeder Zweite überlebte dies nicht! Das Lager wurde im Mai 1945 durch amerikanische Truppen befreit.
European borders
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Mendibil, Didier
The geographic boundaries of Europe have been determined by history. They distinguish the territories of European peoples with more or less clarity and relevance according to places: for instance the oriental boundaries of Europe are rather fuzzy. The internal borders of Europe, which have often changed their location in the eighteenth century, show the marks of its eventful history because border changes often accompanied significant political events, especially wars. A close examination of the borders shows the diversity of reasons why they came into existence and the intricacy of their economic, politic, cultural and social consequences. One can come to a conclusion that borders reveal a historic and geographic complexity; thus, one has to learn to refer to them cautiously, depending on the local context.
European migrations to the United States
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Mesnard, Eric
Between 1850 and 1930, the US greeted millions of migrants and its population increased from 23 to 130 million inhabitants. Most of those migrants were European. Thanks to these men and women who dreamt of a “promised land”, the “new country” grew.
Euroregions
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Consonni, Anna
A Euroregion is a transational cooperation structure between two or more territories of different countries of European Union (one in Italy and one in France, for instance) or of Europe (an Italian region and a Swiss canton, for instance). This cooperation main aim is to promote shared interests of borderlands populations. Euroregions shall be acknowledged by all nations involved, as their operating skills match those of their local authorities. Their characteristics and statute, as well as their functioning are not always the same everywhere. At the present time, there are more than 60 euro regions to be divided in 4 different main categories.
External and internal European borders
(GRIAL - Universidad de Salamanca, 2011) Puente López de Pablo, Antonio
The concept of Europe and its external /internal borders has been changing dramatically throughout History. From the most ancient concepts developed by the Greeks and the Romans about what Europe was and how it was physically up to present time , our continent has exceedingly changed its external and internal shapes depending on the knowledge which was being obtained about it. Thus from an eminently Mediterranean Europe as described and observed by the Greeks and Romans ,it started to turn into a continental Europe where new peoples, unknown up to then, were appearing in the centre and the north of the continent. These changes are due to both the geographic science development and the interest in discovering and studying all those peoples which were considered European ones. The overall result is our present concept of Europe and our sense of being members of this community. The internal borders in our continent have dramatically changed along its complex and long History. Most times these border movements have been the reason for wars which have caused a lot of victims. The change of borders among the European countries in the 20th century has been very tragic especially in the case of both World Wars which meant, as well as war killed people, a massive movement of people from their lands of origin to other different places. Luckily it seems that this stage has been got through and presently we tend to remove borders and to create a Common European Space.
German propaganda during the World War II
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Hadrysiak, Sylwia
Propaganda is a deliberate action aimed at shaping attitudes and behavior in certain individu-als or communities through the imposition of specific content and the interpretation of them. Propaganda often uses false arguments and refers to the emotions rather than reason. Propaganda uses film, print, photography, radio, television and now even the Internet. Its development coincided with the nineteenth century and was related to the formation of mass political movements, the development of parliamentary democracy and the necessity to struggle for election. Propaganda played unusually large role in totalitarian (the USSR and the Third Reich) and fascist (Italy and Spain) states. At the end of the twentieth century, with the spread of mass media (radio, television), propaganda took the form of advertising, linking up with mass culture. In everyday language propaganda is synonymous to lies and manipulation. The term’s negative connotations are also due to phenomena such as Goebbels’ propaganda, which dealt mainly with promoting the ideology of the Third Reich, and above all, racism, the theory of it being necessary to expand the lebensraum.
Industrial areas and development in Düsseldorf in the beginning of the 20th century
(Siegen University, 2011) Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena; Kuhn, Bärbel
In the beginning of the 20th century the processing industry boomed. In consequence, people moved from the countryside to the city. Hence the following developments occurred:
Italian emigration to America from 1861 at the end of World War I
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Bianchi, Silvana
In all periods of history groups of men have moved from their territories in search of better living conditions, but of the century this phenomenon has assumed quantitative and spatial particularly dilated. The Italians were then between the protagonists of a real escape and, in countries of immigration, have become the subject of prejudice and false accusations, often the same day that reproduce themselves against foreigners who arrive in the peninsula in search of work.
L’immeuble de Paris au XIXe siècle
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Aprile, Thierry
Le dossier illustre 3 moments de l’évolution de la société d’une capitale européenne, marquée par un même mouvement mêlant nouvelles formes de l’urbanisation, et industrialisation. Dans la première moitié du XIXe siècle, une population très mélangée de riches, de pauvres, de travailleurs et de rentiers vit dans un même immeuble. Pendant le Second Empire, la France est gouvernée par Napoléon III, le neveu de Napoléon Bonaparte. Il veut faire de Paris une capitale moderne et confie cette tâche à un haut fonctionnaire, Haussmann, qu’il nomme préfet de Paris. Celui-ci modifie en profondeur l’apparence de Paris et développe des formes urbaines déjà expérimentées avant lui (grandes artères de circulation, façades homogènes d’immeubles …). Au début des années 1880, deux images montrent le « Paris qui travaille ». Ces images, et le texte qui les accompagne, illustrent une nouvelle géographie sociale : le développement économique a multiplié les activités et les professions au cœur de la ville ; mais les ouvriers sont relégués hors de la ville, dans des banlieues proches où se trouvent désormais leurs usines.
Liberated prisoners of Nazi camps freed in 1945 and 1946
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
Establishment of a network of Nazi concentration and extermination (death) camps during World War II was the most horrible manifestation of human bestiality in world’s history. In Hitler’s plan, extermination camps were supposed to be used to eliminate the whole nations. Criminal activities in the camps that were organized mainly in Easter-Central Europe and in Germany were stopped only by advent of the Allies who systematically liberated successive “death factories”. This way they freed several thousand prisoners, who had been devoid of hope for survival. But did “freedom” mean the same as “liberation” for people who experienced evil that occurred in Nazi death camps? Was it possible for them to return to normal life? Could the "normal world" exist after the tragedy of war and destruction?
Man on the move in 19th Century: Emigration Italy and globalisation
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Bianchi, Silvana
Space mobility is a constant in world and people history. Migration phenomena have become an important feature and took on a global character while they have extended their destinations over and over. In Italy we have experienced a sort of turnaround, comparing to a distant past and, after decades of intense emigration, this country has turned into a centre of attraction and call-up. Although it is difficult to get exact information about it and to lock up such a complex phenomenon as migration into a straight plan, nowadays it is necessary to know its trends and enclose them in a global analysis circuit. It is therefore possible to determine and picture its main features (paying attention to the words, of course) with charts an maps e carte that help us to highlight those main features. In this module, we will use tools like texts, charts, graphs and maps. These tools are helpful, indeed, to analyse and understand our territory and its economical and social phenomena liked to the territory itself.
Migration from Germany to the United States in the 19th century
(Siegen University, 2011) Klotz, Anna-Lena; Kuhn, Bärbel; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Homrighausen, Sahra; Fenske, Uta; Heck, Volker
At the end of the 19th century Germany became an immigration destination country. Until that time people rather emigrated from it – mainly because of socio-economic reasons. In times of crisis, more and more people emigrated. During the 19th century there were three waves of emigration: a) the years after the 1848 revolution, b) 1865-1874/75 and c) in the 1880s: 1880-1894. The United States was the country most of the migrants wanted to go to.
Migration from Germany to the USA in the 19th century – the situation in the USA
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Homrighausen, Sahra; Fenske, Uta; Heck, Volker
The pupils learn something about the conditions in the USA with which migrants were confronted. They learn where German migrants settled, how they were perceived by Americans and how they experienced their own situation.
Nineteenth-century industrial cities
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
Nineteenth century, called the age of steam and electricity, transformed not only the European society, but also the landscape, especially in the cities. Workshops were put in the shade by huge industrial plants. Aristocratic palaces paled in comparison with luxury and modern residences of factory-owners. The old structure of the society (which was divided before into the patricians, the common people and the plebs) was replaced by a new division to bourgeoisie – owners of manufactories, factories, warehouses (usually not from the nobility), petite bourgeoisie (lower middle class)– craftsmen, owners of small workshops, shopkeepers, etc.; intelligentsia –people living with mental work called also white-collar workers (clerks, doctors, lawyers, journalists); and proletariat – the workers. At the same time, the gap between the richest layers of the entrepreneurs, who lived in splendour residences and spent their time on sophisticated entertainment, and the broad masses of workers employed by them, who lived in poverty, started to increase. These contrasts triggered social conflicts and gave birth to extreme ideologies such as communism. It is much easier to understand these complex processes while looking at the portraits of nineteenth-century industrial cities and the everyday life of their populations.
Rome, the city
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Mendibil, Didier
A feature of the geography of Europe lies in an early and extensive urbanization. As early as in the antiquity, the city of Roma was the first and most famous illustration. Therefore we can be tempted to consider it as the archetypal European city so far without ignoring its irreducible originality. In this town, sometimes called "Urbs", the city, is it possible to find a little of all cities in Europe. One can search why they look alike when they are all unique. This fundamental duality is what we seek the students to feel in the three pedagogical moments of the sequence "Roma, the city". The first time seeks to find traces of the past of a city observing its monuments from different epochs, in the shape, orientation and layout of streets in different times and in the names that load places with cultural references sometimes mysterious but always in memory, at least as traces. The time depth of the urban material is what we want to make understand and it's rather easy to do it in Roma, this incomparable place of memory and concentrate of the traces of European civilization. The second time encourages to recognize that a city is also and always a technical organization to link men with multiple relationships by establishing specialized networks. Of special interest is the observation of the underground network which often constitutes the heart of urban mobility. We also examine how the roads give the city its fluidity and irrigate its expansion. The third time, by a special technique in images of the urban area of Roma, attempts to concretely illustrate the diversity of habitats, lifestyles and activities while seeking to show the impact of certain organization factors of urban space in all cities in Europe. This is the moment to compare the appearance, functions and density of different habitats and areas with the building policy of the municipality. As often, elsewhere in Europe, this one takes a long time to catch up and correct the imperfections of a socially segregated space.
Template for the Digital Modules
(2011) García Holgado, Alicia; García Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Seoane Pardo, Antonio M.; Zangrando, Valentina
The Overpopulation and Intermittent Emigration of Tyrolean Children
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea; Riegler, Franz
In the 19th century, industrialisation was established in many European regions. Factories were built, new railway lines were constructed and a number of new posts were created. To a small degree in the western districts of Tyrol, a large part of the Tyrolean population lived from the proceeds of agriculture. In the agriculturally less productive areas of the Upper Inn Valley and the Upper Vintschgau (area on the upper reaches of the River Etsch), the inhabitants were in a terrible predicament. Many families were no longer able to feed their children. As a result, every spring thousands of boys and girls went on foot into Swabia, an agriculturally rich area around Lake Constance, where they sought work as farming assistants for the summer. They offered their labour on the child labour markets in Friedrichshafen and Ravensburg. Now an old man, a witness at the time, Adolf Thurnes, remembers his time as a Swabian child thus: “At the child labour market in Friedrichshafen, the children stood positioned between ropes; the farmer picked up whichever child he liked the look of, lifted him over the ropes and took him home with him”. In late autumn, the children returned home with the little money they had earned in their pockets. The migrations of the Swabian children ended around 1920 when the Austrian school authorities insisted on the observance of compulsory education.
The Separation of South Tyrol from Austria and the Option Agreement as an example of Forced Migration in the 20th Century
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea; Riegler, Franz
These sections of this module are to show South Tyrol as an example of how internal borders have shifted in Europe as a result of the First World War, and which impacts the annexation of South Tyrol to Italy had. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy at the end of the First World War, South Tyrol was separated from Austria and incorporated into Italy. In the following years the Italianisation of South Tyrol was begun by the fascist-dominated Italian government. Under Hitler’s Nazi regime, both Hitler and Mussolini decided to give the German-speaking population in South Tyrol a choice of resettlement to the Third Reich (South Tyrol Option Agreement). In total, 75,000 people resettled and most settled in North Tyrol (present-day Austria). After 1945 the majority of people who had emigrated by choice returned to South Tyrol. The South Tyroleans were granted autonomy, although the implementation of this agreement took a very long time. In 1992 the level of self-government as envisaged in the agreement was implemented into Italian legislation in the form of an autonomy agreement.
Urbanization: Düsseldorf: The reorganization of the city after WWII
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena
After WWII, Düsseldorf was mostly destroyed. The reorganization of the city after WWII followed – at least partly – plans that originated in the Third Reich, aiming at a car-friendly city. The economic development and the individualization of traffic required a new traffic concept.