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Multicultural Interdisciplinary Handbook

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1848-’49 in Italy: a war of people, a war of armies
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Crivellari, Cinzia
Of the three revolutionary cycles, echoing through the U.S.A. and Europe following the Congress of Vienna, the last one definitely revealed the typical features of the Italian movement. These were a democratic demand for a Constitution, a yearning for national independence in order to free Italian territories from the “foreign” presence and build a new independent State, in which way was yet to be defined. These two feelings have often blurred and blended: in some episodes the demands for equality are overwhelming, while in other cases the will and need to establish as soon as possible a State based on “freedom and independence” appears to prevail. A number of thinkers, artists scholars, poets and musicians encouraged this wide movement in different ways: on one side, by fighting as volunteers in irregular armies. Others, in parallel, were indirectly helping the struggle by secretly canvassing and supporting the organisation from abroad. The most important and active was with no doubt Giuseppe Mazzini. Victim of persecution in his own country, while living in different cities like Geneva, Marseille and London, he had restlessly plotted and attempted coups on absolute monarchies' kings. Ultimately, the goal he was to pursue so hard was the ideal of Italy as a Republic, united from north to south free from any kind of foreign domination. During the 1848/49 biennium, some temporary governments were instituted in many Italian cities, as a consequence of revolutionary uprising. They didn’t just limit their action to a military defence, but they even passed real constitution, in order to ensure public order and enforce laws. As popular uprisings were taking place in some cities against despotic rulers and foreign domination, the Savoy Kingdom of Sardinia took military action: it declared war on the Austrian Empire and moved its armies towards Lombardy and the Veneto. Thus began what would become in the official history of Italy the First War of Independence, in which the monarchist armies of Savoy, Giuseppe Garibaldi’s volunteers, the Pontifical troops of Pius IX and those of Leopold of Tuscany would fight together against the common enemy, Austria, until diplomatic reasons and political opportunism would lead the Pope to withdraw his forces unexpectedly and the King of Sardinia to sign an unexpected, disappointing armistice with the Austro – Hungarian empire.
Analysis of National Curricula of Geography and History
(2010) Crivellari, Cinzia
History and geography feature in the national curriculum of all the project partner states; differences exist, however, in denomination and practice, considering them either as separate subjects or combining them with one another (geo–history) or with other social sciences. In most cases history and geography are treated as distinct subjects, even where a single teaching qualification covers both subjects and therefore are taught by the same teacher who possesses the qualifications that covers the humanities. In some countries there is a teacher who deals solely with these two subjects (as in France) while elsewhere the corresponding teaching qualification includes other subjects such as literature or philosophy (as in Italy and Spain).
Arbeitsmigranten in den 60er und 70er Jahren in der Bundesrepublik - "Gastarbeiter"
(Siegen University, 2011) Kuhn, Bärbel; Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena
Bedingt durch den wirtschaftlichen Wiederaufbau der Bundesrepublik gab es einen langanhaltenden wirtschaftlichen Boom(„Wirtschaftswunder“) mit einem hohen Bedarf an Arbeitskräften. Bis 1961 konnte der wachsende Bedarf durch den Zuzug qualifizierter Arbeitskräfte aus der DDR gedeckt werden. Nach dem Bau der Mauer 1961 versiegte diese Quelle schlagartig und die Bundesrepublik war auf Arbeitskräfte aus anderen Regionen angewiesen. In den 60er und 70er Jahren wurden aus Südeuropa Arbeitskräfte angeworben, zunächst aus Italien, dann aus Portugal und Spanien, später aus südosteuropäischen Ländern und zunehmend aus der Türkei. 1964 gab es bereits über eine Millionen Arbeitsmigranten in der Bundesrepublik. Nach dem Verständnis der Unternehmen, der Regierungen und eines Großteils der Bevölkerung wurden die Arbeitsmigranten als vorübergehende Gäste angesehen, daher nannte man sie auch „Gastarbeiter“. Nach einer gewissen Zeit, wenn sie ökonomisch nicht mehr gebraucht werden sollten, sollten sie in ihre Länder zurückkehren. Viele blieben jedoch dauerhaft und später zogen teilweise auch ihre Familien nach. In dem Modul geht es im Wesentlichen um das Bild, das sich die Deutschen von den Fremden in ihrem Land machten.
Chapter 1. Introduction
(2011-06) García-Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Zangrando, Valentina; Seoane Pardo, Antonio M.; García-Holgado, Alicia; Szczecinska, Joanna; Baldner, Jean Marie; Consonni, Anna; Crivellari, Cinzia
Chapter 2. Learning Object model and framework design for the digital modules production
(2011-06) García-Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Zangrando, Valentina; Seoane Pardo, Antonio M.; García-Holgado, Alicia; Szczecinska, Joanna; Baldner, Jean Marie; Consonni, Anna; Crivellari, Cinzia
Chapter 3. Digital Modules' Presentation:  A comparison of the treatment of some topics
(2011-06) García-Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Zangrando, Valentina; Seoane Pardo, Antonio M.; García-Holgado, Alicia; Szczecinska, Joanna; Baldner, Jean Marie; Consonni, Anna; Crivellari, Cinzia
Chapter 4. Methodology: Didactic criteria and suggestions for in-class use
(2011-06) Szczecinska, Joanna; Baldner, Jean Marie; Consonni, Anna; Crivellari, Cinzia; García-Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Zangrando, Valentina; Seoane Pardo, Antonio M.; García-Holgado, Alicia
Chapter 5. About the use of the DMS in CLIL classes
(2011-06) García-Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Zangrando, Valentina; Seoane Pardo, Antonio M.; García-Holgado, Alicia; Szczecinska, Joanna; Baldner, Jean Marie; Consonni, Anna; Crivellari, Cinzia
Chapter 6. Polish case studies focused on the intercultural education in the field of History
(2011-06) García-Peñalvo, Francisco J.; Zangrando, Valentina; Seoane Pardo, Antonio M.; García-Holgado, Alicia; Szczecinska, Joanna; Baldner, Jean Marie; Consonni, Anna; Crivellari, Cinzia
CLIL/EMILE guidelines and projects in partner countries
(2011)
Comparative Survey of Geography Textbooks
(2010) Rocca, Lorena
Comparative Survey of History Textbooks
(2010) Crivellari, Cinzia
Die befreiung von nationalsozialistischen konzentrationslagern am beispiel mauthausen
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea
Die Todesstiege vom Granitsteinbruch „Wiener Graben“ hinauf zum KZ Mauthausen wurde zu einem Symbol für die Idee der Nationalsozialisten, Menschen durch harte Arbeit auszubeuten und zu töten. Im März 1938 besetzten Truppen des nationalsozialistischen Regimes Österreich. Das Land wurde in „Ostmark“ umbenannt – im „Gau Oberdonau“ in der Nähe der Stadt Linz, auf einer Anhöhe über der Donau wurde nur wenige Wochen nach dem „Anschluss“ mit dem Bau eines Konzentrationslagers begonnen. Das Lager wurde an dieser Stelle errichtet, da sich in unmittelbarer Nähe ertragreiche Granitsteinbrüche befanden. Die Organisation des Lagers lag in den Händen der SS, deren oberster Kommandant Heinrich Himmler war Ziel der SS in Mauthausen war es, die Arbeitskraft der Häftlinge bis zu ihrer kompletten Erschöpfung und bis zu ihrem Tod auszunützen. Tausende von Häftlingen arbeiteten von 1938 bis 1945 am Bau des Lagers und der vierzig Nebenlager, für Rüstungsbetriebe oder im Bergbau. Rund 200 000 Menschen wurden in diesen Jahren in Mauthausen ausgebeutet, jeder Zweite überlebte dies nicht! Das Lager wurde im Mai 1945 durch amerikanische Truppen befreit.
European borders
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Mendibil, Didier
The geographic boundaries of Europe have been determined by history. They distinguish the territories of European peoples with more or less clarity and relevance according to places: for instance the oriental boundaries of Europe are rather fuzzy. The internal borders of Europe, which have often changed their location in the eighteenth century, show the marks of its eventful history because border changes often accompanied significant political events, especially wars. A close examination of the borders shows the diversity of reasons why they came into existence and the intricacy of their economic, politic, cultural and social consequences. One can come to a conclusion that borders reveal a historic and geographic complexity; thus, one has to learn to refer to them cautiously, depending on the local context.
European migrations to the United States
(UPEC - University of East Paris Créteil - IUFM, 2011) Mesnard, Eric
Between 1850 and 1930, the US greeted millions of migrants and its population increased from 23 to 130 million inhabitants. Most of those migrants were European. Thanks to these men and women who dreamt of a “promised land”, the “new country” grew.
Euroregions
(Università Ca’ Foscari – Venezia, 2011) Consonni, Anna
A Euroregion is a transational cooperation structure between two or more territories of different countries of European Union (one in Italy and one in France, for instance) or of Europe (an Italian region and a Swiss canton, for instance). This cooperation main aim is to promote shared interests of borderlands populations. Euroregions shall be acknowledged by all nations involved, as their operating skills match those of their local authorities. Their characteristics and statute, as well as their functioning are not always the same everywhere. At the present time, there are more than 60 euro regions to be divided in 4 different main categories.
External and internal European borders
(GRIAL - Universidad de Salamanca, 2011) Puente López de Pablo, Antonio
The concept of Europe and its external /internal borders has been changing dramatically throughout History. From the most ancient concepts developed by the Greeks and the Romans about what Europe was and how it was physically up to present time , our continent has exceedingly changed its external and internal shapes depending on the knowledge which was being obtained about it. Thus from an eminently Mediterranean Europe as described and observed by the Greeks and Romans ,it started to turn into a continental Europe where new peoples, unknown up to then, were appearing in the centre and the north of the continent. These changes are due to both the geographic science development and the interest in discovering and studying all those peoples which were considered European ones. The overall result is our present concept of Europe and our sense of being members of this community. The internal borders in our continent have dramatically changed along its complex and long History. Most times these border movements have been the reason for wars which have caused a lot of victims. The change of borders among the European countries in the 20th century has been very tragic especially in the case of both World Wars which meant, as well as war killed people, a massive movement of people from their lands of origin to other different places. Luckily it seems that this stage has been got through and presently we tend to remove borders and to create a Common European Space.
German propaganda during the World War II
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Hadrysiak, Sylwia
Propaganda is a deliberate action aimed at shaping attitudes and behavior in certain individu-als or communities through the imposition of specific content and the interpretation of them. Propaganda often uses false arguments and refers to the emotions rather than reason. Propaganda uses film, print, photography, radio, television and now even the Internet. Its development coincided with the nineteenth century and was related to the formation of mass political movements, the development of parliamentary democracy and the necessity to struggle for election. Propaganda played unusually large role in totalitarian (the USSR and the Third Reich) and fascist (Italy and Spain) states. At the end of the twentieth century, with the spread of mass media (radio, television), propaganda took the form of advertising, linking up with mass culture. In everyday language propaganda is synonymous to lies and manipulation. The term’s negative connotations are also due to phenomena such as Goebbels’ propaganda, which dealt mainly with promoting the ideology of the Third Reich, and above all, racism, the theory of it being necessary to expand the lebensraum.
Immigration of the European population to the United States in the nineteenth century
(Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Hadrysiak, Sylwia
Migration - permanent or temporary change of residence. Movement of population is a natural phenomenon and occurred in all historical periods. Increasing migration occurred in the nineteenth and early twentieth century and was primarily due to poor material situation at home (economic migration), or the political situation at home (political migration). The forms of migration can be divided into emigration - departure, immigration - arrival, refugee/exile - escape, evacuation - organized by the state in order to avoid the expected risk, repatriation - the return of citizens from a foreign territory, organized by their country, resettlement-resettlement of nationals within its borders , deportation - the forced resettlement of a person or a group of people on the periphery of the country or outside its borders.
Industrial areas and development in Düsseldorf in the beginning of the 20th century
(Siegen University, 2011) Fenske, Uta; Guse, Klaus-Michael; Heck, Volker; Klotz, Anna-Lena; Kuhn, Bärbel
In the beginning of the 20th century the processing industry boomed. In consequence, people moved from the countryside to the city. Hence the following developments occurred: