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Multicultural Interdisciplinary Handbook

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Die befreiung von nationalsozialistischen konzentrationslagern am beispiel mauthausen
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea
Die Todesstiege vom Granitsteinbruch „Wiener Graben“ hinauf zum KZ Mauthausen wurde zu einem Symbol für die Idee der Nationalsozialisten, Menschen durch harte Arbeit auszubeuten und zu töten. Im März 1938 besetzten Truppen des nationalsozialistischen Regimes Österreich. Das Land wurde in „Ostmark“ umbenannt – im „Gau Oberdonau“ in der Nähe der Stadt Linz, auf einer Anhöhe über der Donau wurde nur wenige Wochen nach dem „Anschluss“ mit dem Bau eines Konzentrationslagers begonnen. Das Lager wurde an dieser Stelle errichtet, da sich in unmittelbarer Nähe ertragreiche Granitsteinbrüche befanden. Die Organisation des Lagers lag in den Händen der SS, deren oberster Kommandant Heinrich Himmler war Ziel der SS in Mauthausen war es, die Arbeitskraft der Häftlinge bis zu ihrer kompletten Erschöpfung und bis zu ihrem Tod auszunützen. Tausende von Häftlingen arbeiteten von 1938 bis 1945 am Bau des Lagers und der vierzig Nebenlager, für Rüstungsbetriebe oder im Bergbau. Rund 200 000 Menschen wurden in diesen Jahren in Mauthausen ausgebeutet, jeder Zweite überlebte dies nicht! Das Lager wurde im Mai 1945 durch amerikanische Truppen befreit.
The Overpopulation and Intermittent Emigration of Tyrolean Children
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea; Riegler, Franz
In the 19th century, industrialisation was established in many European regions. Factories were built, new railway lines were constructed and a number of new posts were created. To a small degree in the western districts of Tyrol, a large part of the Tyrolean population lived from the proceeds of agriculture. In the agriculturally less productive areas of the Upper Inn Valley and the Upper Vintschgau (area on the upper reaches of the River Etsch), the inhabitants were in a terrible predicament. Many families were no longer able to feed their children. As a result, every spring thousands of boys and girls went on foot into Swabia, an agriculturally rich area around Lake Constance, where they sought work as farming assistants for the summer. They offered their labour on the child labour markets in Friedrichshafen and Ravensburg. Now an old man, a witness at the time, Adolf Thurnes, remembers his time as a Swabian child thus: “At the child labour market in Friedrichshafen, the children stood positioned between ropes; the farmer picked up whichever child he liked the look of, lifted him over the ropes and took him home with him”. In late autumn, the children returned home with the little money they had earned in their pockets. The migrations of the Swabian children ended around 1920 when the Austrian school authorities insisted on the observance of compulsory education.
The Separation of South Tyrol from Austria and the Option Agreement as an example of Forced Migration in the 20th Century
(PHT - Pedagogical University Tyrol, 2011) Krimbacher, Andrea; Riegler, Franz
These sections of this module are to show South Tyrol as an example of how internal borders have shifted in Europe as a result of the First World War, and which impacts the annexation of South Tyrol to Italy had. Following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy at the end of the First World War, South Tyrol was separated from Austria and incorporated into Italy. In the following years the Italianisation of South Tyrol was begun by the fascist-dominated Italian government. Under Hitler’s Nazi regime, both Hitler and Mussolini decided to give the German-speaking population in South Tyrol a choice of resettlement to the Third Reich (South Tyrol Option Agreement). In total, 75,000 people resettled and most settled in North Tyrol (present-day Austria). After 1945 the majority of people who had emigrated by choice returned to South Tyrol. The South Tyroleans were granted autonomy, although the implementation of this agreement took a very long time. In 1992 the level of self-government as envisaged in the agreement was implemented into Italian legislation in the form of an autonomy agreement.