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Item Data-Driven Learning Analytics and Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Systematic Review(IEEE, 2025-09-29) González-Pérez, Laura Icela; García-Peñalvo, Francisco José; Argüelles-Cruz, Amadeo JoséThe responsible integration of Artificial Intelligence in Education (AIED) offers a strategic opportunity to align learning environments with the principles of Society 5.0, fostering human–technology synergy in support of quality education and social well-being. This study presents a systematic review of 36 peer-reviewed articles (2021–2025) focused on educational appli-cations that employ learning analytics (LA) through data-driven approaches and integrate machine learning (ML) models as part of their empirical evidence. Each study was analyzed according to three key dimensions: the context of AIED application, the data-driven approach adopted, and the ML model implemented. The findings reveal a persistent disconnect between the AI models employed and the available educational data, which in many cases are limited to access logs or manually recorded grades that fail to capture deeper cognitive processes. This limitation constrains both the effective training of ML models and their pedagogical utility for delivering meaningful interventions such as personalized learning pathways, real-time feedback, early detection of learning difficulties, and monitoring and visualization tools. Another significant finding is the absence of psychopeda-gogical frameworks integrated with quality standards and data governance, which are essential for advancing prescriptive and ethical approaches aligned with learning goals. It is therefore recommended that educational leaders foster AIED applications grounded in data governance and ethics frameworks, ensuring valid and reliable metrics that can drive a more equitable and inclusive education.Item Questionnaire with university students on STEM studies in Higher Education (QSTEMHE)(GRIAL Research Group, 2024-02) Verdugo-Castro, Sonia; García-Holgado, Alicia; Sánchez-Gómez, Mª CruzIn some countries, there is gender segregation in some fields of study, one case being the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) sector. For this reason, the Questionnaire with university students on STEM studies in Higher Education (QSTEMHE) has been designed. The instrument has been empirically validated (Verdugo-Castro et al., 2022b). It is part of the research carried out through Sonia Verdugo-Castro's doctoral thesis at the University of Salamanca (Verdugo-Castro, 2022). The objective pursued with the application of the QSTEMHE questionnaire is to find out the gender stereotypes that university students have about higher STEM studies once the factors that affect this gender gap have been identified (Verdugo-Castro, García-Holgado, et al., 2023). The questionnaire is composed of four blocks, two of which contain socio-demographic and contextual questions, another contains open questions (Verdugo-Castro, Sánchez-Gómez, et al., 2023) and another block contains items in which statements are made to which one must respond with the degree of agreement or disagreement about the opinion that one has as a university student about higher studies related to science, technology, engineering and mathematics (Verdugo-Castro et al., 2020, 2022a). The dimensions to which the validated opinion items are associated are Gender Ideology (D3), Interests (D1), Attitudes (D4), Perception and Self-perception (D2) and Expectations about Science (D5) (Verdugo-Castro et al., 2022b). Concerning some questions linked to gender, the research has been approached with respect and inclusion of the different gender identities, knowing that gender is not limited to the binary classification of male and female. However, some questions refer to men and women due to the historical tendency of segregation between the two genders in the field of study. In the application of the questionnaire in the framework of the doctoral thesis of Sonia Verdugo-Castro (Verdugo-Castro, 2022), the data obtained have been processed in an aggregated and anonymous way once the favourable report of the Bioethics Committee (CBE) of the University of Salamanca has been obtained, with registration number 557. Finally, some items have been deleted since the instrument has been subjected to validation procedures. For this reason, in this final version presented, next to the codes identifying each item, in some of them, there is a reference in italics and in grey, in brackets, which is associated with the identifying values of the questionnaire in its first version.Item The Work Experience of Graduates as a Motivating Element in the Teaching-Learning Process(Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, 2022-07-21) González-Rogado, A. B.; Vivar-Quintana, A. M.; Rodríguez-Barrios, D. T.; Ramos-Gavilán, A. B.The current labour market context requires Universities to continuously adapt to changes to train students who can respond to the market's needs. Based on their professional experience, university graduates can and must be an essential element for university education to be in line with the labour market. This article presents a proposal for integrating graduates in the teaching-learning process, playing an active role. The study has been developed in the context of a bachelor's degree (Bachelor's Degree in Computer Engineering) and a master's degree (Master's Degree in Secondary School Teaching). The satisfaction survey results show that the experience has been very positive for our students. At the same time, it helps reduce the students' insecurity concerning their professional future.Item University Teachers and Students’ Digital Competence: A Case Study of Gansu Agricultural University in China(Grupo GRIAL, 2022-06-23) Zhao, Y.Living today in the knowledge society allows us to be aware of the changes in the structure of society, the connections between countries and the acquisition of knowledge, as well as the ever-growing technological development and penetration into every aspect of our life. The outbreak of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) has further propelled the revolution in education. The educational model has changed and with it comes a variety of challenges. Teachers and students are required to be equipped with adequate digital competence and the ability to use information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the Internet proficiently, especially in higher education. Consequently, the gap of digital competence is widened, not only between developed and developing countries, but also within the same country due to the imbalance of economic growth, such as the huge gap between the east and west of China. It is of great necessity to enhance the digital competence to better meet the challenges, to narrow the digital gap and to adapt to this knowledge society as well as to the new learning environment. The main purposes of this thesis are: firstly, to present the definition of digital competence in the higher education, to indicate the dimensions commonly used to assess university teachers and students’ digital competence, to determine the state of research in this field, and to identify the areas for further research through a systematic literature review and a mapping study. Secondly, to carry out an empirical study on university teachers and students at Gansu Agricultural University in the west of China. For in-service university teachers, the focus was on the exploration of their digital competence, the use of ICTs and their attitudes towards the use of ICTs in education. For university students, especially for those freshmen and senior students, the emphasis was placed on students’ digital competence and their attitudes towards ICTs; and their availability of technological resources, their potential for digital competence, and previous training related to ICTs and digital competence were covered as well. Moreover, the factors influencing digital competence were examined to determine its development needs.Item Mentoring for future female engineers: pilot at the Higher Polytechnic School of Zamora(IEEE, 2021-09-30) González-Rogado, A. B.; García-Holgado, A.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.The gender gap is a problem that affects all areas and regions in the world. The lack of females depends on different external and internal factors that make it a complex problem. In particular, this gap is most pronounced in engineering. Engineering and technical studies have a shortage of female vocations and a high dropout rate. In this paper, we present the pilot peer-mentoring programme, which has been carried out in the 2020-21 academic year at the University of Salamanca in the Higher Polytechnic School of Zamora. Mentoring has been given to first-year female students of engineering degrees. The implementation of the pilot programme has provided helpful information for implementing the mentoring programme from the 2021-22 academic year.Item Development of a SPOC of Computer Ethics for students of Computer Science degree(IEEE, 2021-09-30) García-Holgado, A.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.; Therón, R.; Vázquez-Ingelmo, A.; Gamazo-García, A.; González-González, C. S.; Gil Iranzo, R.; Frango Silveira, I.; Alier-Forment, M.Technology brings different benefits to society and involves challenges and ethical dilemmas that must be considered during any technology development. In this sense, graduates must recognise the social, legal, ethical and cultural issues inherent to the discipline of computer science. However, there is a lack of integration of computer ethics in the computer science curriculum in Spanish universities. This work introduces a pilot experience to develop a Small Private Open Course (SPOC) to introduce computer ethics as an extracurricular activity in the Bachelor’s Degree of Computer Engineering at the University of Salamanca.Item Gender gap perception of computer science students in Costa Rica: A case study in two public universities(CEUR-WS.org, 2021-10-28) García-Holgado, A.; Estrada, M.; Marín, G.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Gender equality is among the objectives of governments, companies, public institutions and other different entities. There are various challenges related to the gender gap that affect different parts of society. In particular, the gender gap associated with the technology sector is a well-known problem for which organizations are looking for solutions. It starts in primary education and continues into the professional field. The number of women who start and finish higher education programs related to computer science and informatics shows alarming figures in most countries and regions worldwide. In Costa Rica, the number of women enrolled in these programs in 2017 was around 20% despite the fact that this country is well ranked in the Global Gender Gap Index, both globally and in the Latin America and the Caribbean region. This study aims to analyze the perception of computing students concerning the gender gap in computer science studies in two public universities in Costa Rica. We applied a validated instrument that identifies computer engineering students’ perceptions of gender and diversity issues divided into three dimensions: academic perception, social perception and professional competence. The results indicate the gender influences in most of the items related to academic perception and people who experienced discrimination, themselves or a relative, are more sensitive to the inequalities (N=228).Item Improving Institutional Repositories through User-Centered Design: Indicators from a Focus Group(MDPI, 2021-11-02) González-Pérez, L. I.; Ramírez-Montoya, M. S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.User experience with intuitive and flexible digital platforms can be enjoyable and satisfying. A strategy to deliver such an experience is to place the users at the center of the design process and analyze their beliefs and perceptions to add appropriate platform features. This study conducted with focus groups as a qualitative method of data collection to investigate users’ preferences and develop a new landing page for institutional repositories with attractive functionalities based on their information-structural rules. The research question was: What are the motivations and experiences of users in an academic community when publishing scientific information in an institutional repository? The focus group technique used in this study had three sessions. Results showed that 50% of the participants did not know the functionalities of the institutional repository nor its benefits. Users’ perceptions of platforms such as ResearchGate or Google Scholar that provide academic production were also identified. The findings showed that motivating an academic community to use an institutional repository requires technological functions, user guidelines that identify what can or cannot be published in open access, and training programs for open access publication practices and institutional repository use. These measures align with global strategies to strengthen the digital identities of scientific communities and thus benefit open science.Item e-Learning quality assessment in higher education: A mapping study(ACM, 2020-10-21) Ortiz-López, A.; Olmos-Migueláñez, S.; Sánchez-Prieto, J. C.Quality assessment is today a success factor and a guarantee in the implementation and development of countless initiatives, programs and strategies in a very wide variety of fields. For this reason, in an educational field in a constant transformation, the evaluation of the quality of each process, phase and tool must be understood as an essential and basic part in teaching, betting on the implementation of quality evaluation processes in the virtual environment and also trying to adapt reality to new learning environments. In the present moment, in a society in which everything has to be evaluated, the establishment of evaluation standards for new instruments and the standardization of accepted and validated processes will also make virtual teaching-learning environments more reliable and effective. This research proposes a mapping study with the aim to find out the situation in which the research on quality evaluation in e-Learning in higher education finds itself. The criteria used for the selection of publications are concise and the complete process carried out is reflected in each of its phases. The results allow us to describe the current reality in a temporal perspective and the state of the art, in order to address the potential future lines of research in the field of quality assessment in virtual environments.Item Gender gap perceptions of computing students: a case study in two Spanish universities(IEEE, 2020-12-03) García-Holgado, A.; González-González, C. S.; García-Peñalvo, F. J.Reducing the gender gap is one of the main challenges that society is facing. Equality, not only of women but of different gender identities, is one of the European Union's priorities, as well as of a large part of the developed countries. In particular, in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM), the gender gap is visible both in the academic and professional fields. In higher education, according to the Women in Digital Scoreboard, in Europe, only 17% of ICT specialists are women. This figure is lower in Spain, with only 16%. According to the Ministry of Education in Spain, the percentage of women in computer science studies in 2018-2019 was 12.93%. This study aims to analyze the perception of computing students concerning the gender gap in computer science studies. In particular, the study was carried out in two Spanish universities located in different regions (N=95).