Digital Modules

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repositorio.grial.eu/handle/grial/118

Digital Modules produced during Multicultural Interdisciplinary Handbook
(MIH Comenius Multilateral Project)

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Author: search.filters.author.Czekaj, KatarzynaStart date: 2011

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    The Spring of Nations and birth of Europe of Nations
    (Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
    The Spring of Nations is a sequence of events in European history. Within a few months of 1848 and 1849, almost in all countries of the continent there was violent and armed rising of people against the existing political and social order. Citizens of France demanded civil rights and equal access to power for representatives of all social classes. Italians and Germans, who lived in the politically divided countries, manifested the desire to unite and create a common, state. Hungarians, Czechs, Poles, and the Slavic nations of the Balkans, which lived under domination of the foreign dynasties, raised the weapon in the struggle for independence. The Spring of Nations, as no movement before it, claimed the right of peoples to self-determination, i.e. the possibility for each nation to have their own, separate and free country. Although this idea was impracticable in the nineteenth century, the Spring of Nations highlighted the emerging problem of nationalism. It showed also the need to organize a new policy of coexistence of communities with different languages, cultures and religions within the framework of the European continent. The thoughts and ideas that emerged at that time are particularly important for us, because they also lie at the root of the European Union.
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    Liberated prisoners of Nazi camps freed in 1945 and 1946
    (Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
    Establishment of a network of Nazi concentration and extermination (death) camps during World War II was the most horrible manifestation of human bestiality in world’s history. In Hitler’s plan, extermination camps were supposed to be used to eliminate the whole nations. Criminal activities in the camps that were organized mainly in Easter-Central Europe and in Germany were stopped only by advent of the Allies who systematically liberated successive “death factories”. This way they freed several thousand prisoners, who had been devoid of hope for survival. But did “freedom” mean the same as “liberation” for people who experienced evil that occurred in Nazi death camps? Was it possible for them to return to normal life? Could the "normal world" exist after the tragedy of war and destruction?
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    Polish political emigration in the nineteenth century
    (Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
    The materials "Polish political emigration in the nineteenth century" may be used during investigation of subjects related to Polish history as well as political and social changes in Europe after the Congress of Vienna. It seems desirable to point out universal and everlasting character of the phenomenon of political exile and harassment of people, also today, because of their opinions and beliefs. The materials were arranged in such a way that the history of Polish immigrants (not only after uprisings) are presented against similar movements in Europe that resulted from anachronistic (comparing to the changes launched in Europe by the French Revolution) social and political order established by the Congress of Vienna. Special attention is paid to presentation of the political diversity of the environment of refugees, the perception of this movement among the societies of the continent, and the convergence of the goals of political exiles of various nationalities. In addition to the political objectives of their activities, the author tried to draw attention to some aspects of daily life in exile. Presenting the importance of artistic creations of emigrants, to propagate the objectives of the environment struggle among the international public opinion, was also considered an important issue.
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    Nineteenth-century industrial cities
    (Społeczna Wyższa Szkoła Przedsiębiorczości i Zarządzania, 2011) Czekaj, Katarzyna
    Nineteenth century, called the age of steam and electricity, transformed not only the European society, but also the landscape, especially in the cities. Workshops were put in the shade by huge industrial plants. Aristocratic palaces paled in comparison with luxury and modern residences of factory-owners. The old structure of the society (which was divided before into the patricians, the common people and the plebs) was replaced by a new division to bourgeoisie – owners of manufactories, factories, warehouses (usually not from the nobility), petite bourgeoisie (lower middle class)– craftsmen, owners of small workshops, shopkeepers, etc.; intelligentsia –people living with mental work called also white-collar workers (clerks, doctors, lawyers, journalists); and proletariat – the workers. At the same time, the gap between the richest layers of the entrepreneurs, who lived in splendour residences and spent their time on sophisticated entertainment, and the broad masses of workers employed by them, who lived in poverty, started to increase. These contrasts triggered social conflicts and gave birth to extreme ideologies such as communism. It is much easier to understand these complex processes while looking at the portraits of nineteenth-century industrial cities and the everyday life of their populations.