Digital Modules

Permanent URI for this collectionhttps://repositorio.grial.eu/handle/grial/118

Digital Modules produced during Multicultural Interdisciplinary Handbook
(MIH Comenius Multilateral Project)

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    Reign of Terror and Displacement 1939-1949
    (UNA - University of Augsburg, 2011) Kortler, Lena; Fendt, Christian; Simmet, Oliver
    After the First World War, the Czechoslovak state in which the Germans formed only a minority was founded. The relationship between Germans and Czechs remained difficult as a result of the founding of the state. In 1938, the Sudetenland was annexed to the German Reich; on 30.9.1938, the NS regime occupied the remainder of Czechia (“Rest-Tschechei”) as well. All Czech resistance was fought against uncompromisingly by imprisonment, detention in concentration camps, death sentences and retaliatory measures. Resulting from the war, during the six-year NS reign in Czechia, there also was ruthless exploitation of Czech workers. After the war, the displacement of Germans from Czechoslovakia followed. This controversial topic strains the German-Czech relations up to the present. Only under the umbrella of the European Union, reconciliation gradually succeeds.
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    Struggle for Freedom and Nation Building
    (UNA - University of Augsburg, 2011) Fendt, Christian
    Among the European states of the 19th century, Italy and Germany were among those who had not yet found to national unity in a modern sense. Even after the defeat of Napoleon and the joint military struggle against the French emperor, Germany was a territory composed of many smaller and bigger dominions, which was neither politically nor administratively or linguistically unified. Yet, after the Wars of Liberation of 1813, the creation of a unified Germany was the aim of the liberal bourgeoisie and of the students, who, however, failed in 1848 and 1849. This aim was finally fulfilled “bottom-up” in 1871 by the Prussian Ministerpräsident (Prime Minister), Otto von Bismarck. After the Congress of Vienna, Italy remained sport of foreign powers, although Reichsitalien (Imperial Italy) had ultimately become history due to the fall of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation in 1806. The more foreign rulers and powers strove to control the fate of the Italian states, the more people were seized by the wish to free Italy from foreign rule, fragmentation and absolutism. The major role in this field was played by the publicist Giuseppe Mazzini and the movement Giovine Italia (Young Italy) he founded.
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    The Revolutions of 1848 in Europe
    (UNA - University of Augsburg, 2011) Fendt, Christian
    In the year 1848, upheavals against the prevailing political system or against the established social conditions were not a national, but a European phenomenon, which affected numerous countries and dynasties of Europe. Beginning with the February revolution in France, upheavals also took place in the states of the German Confederation, in the Habsburg Empire and in Poland. Nonetheless, there were different causes for each revolution, so that one cannot speak of one European revolution of 1848. In France, it was the civic-democratic February revolution that ended the rule of the “Citizen King”, Louis Philippe. It was caused, first and foremost, by the restriction of civic rights by means of the census suffrage and the social plight of workers, which led to an uprising and, finally, to the proclamation of the French Second Republic. In the German states, the restoration and the surveillance system of Metternich could not, in the long run, suppress the wishes for freedom of opinion, more rights to political participation and the abolition of Kleinstaaterei, which had become overwhelming. Economic crises, unemployment and famine caused by crop failures in the years 1845-1847 contributed to the growing discontent.
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    The Revolutions of 1848 in Europe – The Social Question
    (UNA - University of Augsburg, 2011) Fendt, Christian
    The social problems and grievances accompanying the Industrial Revolution, that is, the transition from agricultural to urbanized industrial society, are referred to as the Social Question. In Germany, the beginning of this transition was registered in the early19th century. Long before this moment in history, acute penury among huge sections of the population had already emerged. This was caused by the growing population, the decline of the old crafts and the gradual emergence of factory industry. The importance of the riot of the Silesian weavers in 1844 consisted in the public attention it attracted. It can also be regarded as a crucial event during the preliminary stages of the revolution beginning in 1848. The living and working conditions were also a main reason for the French workers to go again (after 1830) to the barricades in 1848. On June 24,1848, there was a riot of workers in a response to closing French National Workshops, which had provided work opportunities for the unemployed.