Proceso de transformación digital en instituciones de 
educación superior 
 
 
Francisco José García-Peñalvo 
GRupo de investigación en InterAcción y eLearning (GRIAL) 
Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Educación (IUCE) 
Departamento de Informática y Automática 
Universidad de Salamanca (https://ror.org/02f40zc51), Salamanca, España 
fgarcia@usal.es 
http://twitter.com/frangp 
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9987-5584 
 
 
 
Resumen 
Conferencia invitada en la actividad inaugural del CECED 2022 de la UNED de Costa 
Rica, celebrada el 15 de febrero de 2022. 
En esta conferencia se establecen las bases para definir una estrategia de transformación 
digital de una universidad. 
 
Palabras clave 
Transformación digital; Universidad; Misiones de la universidad; Conocimiento abierto 
 
Enlace a la presentación 
https://zenodo.org/record/6033924  
 
DOI 
10.5281/zenodo.6033924 
 
Cita recomendada 
F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Proceso de transformación digital en instituciones de educación 
superior," presentado en Actividad inaugural del CECED 2022, UNED, Costa Rica, 2022. 
Disponible: https://bit.ly/34PrvHu. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.6033924. 
 
Referencias 
1. D. Agostino, M. Arnaboldi y M. D. Lema, "New development: COVID-19 as an 
accelerator of digital transformation in public service delivery," Public Money & 
Management, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 69-72, 2021. doi: 10.1080/09540962.2020.1764206. 
2. A. J. Argüelles, H. D. Cortés, O. E. Piñal Ramirez y O. A. Bustamante, 
"Technological Spotlights of Digital Transformation - Uses and Implications under 
COVID-19 Conditions," en Information Technology Trends for a Global and 
Interdisciplinary Research Community, F. J. García-Peñalvo, Ed.  pp. 19-49, 
Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global, 2021. doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4156-2.ch002. 
3. B. Bilgili y E. Koc, "Digital transformation in tourism," en Emerging 
Transformations in Tourism and Hospitality, A. Farmaki y N. Pappas, Eds.  pp. 53-
65, London, UK: Routledge, 2021. 
4. N. Brown y I. Brown, "From Digital Business Strategy to Digital Transformation - 
How: A Systematic Literature Review," en Proceedings of the South African Institute 
of Computer Scientists and Information Technologists 2019 (Skukuza, South Africa, 
17 – 18 September 2019), New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. doi: 
10.1145/3351108.3351122. 
5. M. G. do Nascimento et al., "Covid-19: A digital transformation approach to a public 
primary healthcare environment," en Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Symposium on 
Computers and Communications (ISCC) (Rennes, France, 7-10 July 2020), USA: 
IEEE, 2020. doi: 10.1109/ISCC50000.2020.9219643. 
6. F. Filgueiras, C. Flávio y P. Palotti, "Digital Transformation and Public Service 
Delivery in Brazil," Latin American Policy, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 195-219, 2019/11/01 
2019. doi: 10.1111/lamp.12169. 
7. D. Furtner, S. P. Shinde, M. Singh, C. H. Wong y S. Setia, "Digital Transformation 
in Medical Affairs Sparked by the Pandemic: Insights and Learnings from COVID-
19 Era and Beyond," Pharmaceutical Medicine, vol. In Press, 2021. doi: 
10.1007/s40290-021-00412-w. 
8. M. Ghobakhloo y M. Iranmanesh, "Digital transformation success under Industry 
4.0: A strategic guideline for manufacturing SMEs," Journal of Manufacturing 
Technology Management, vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 1533-1556, 2021. doi: 10.1108/JMTM-
11-2020-0455. 
9. S. Kraus, F. Schiavone, A. Pluzhnikova y A. C. Invernizzi, "Digital transformation 
in healthcare: Analyzing the current state-of-research," Journal of Business 
Research, vol. 123, pp. 557-567, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.10.030. 
10. A. Kutnjak, I. Pihiri y M. T. Furjan, "Digital Transformation Case Studies Across 
Industries – Literature Review," en Proceedings of the 2019 42nd International 
Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and 
Microelectronics (MIPRO) (Opatija, Croatia, Croatia, 20-24 May 2019) pp. 1293-
1298, USA: IEEE, 2019. doi: 10.23919/MIPRO.2019.8756911. 
11. U. Winkelhake, "Challenges in the Digital Transformation of the Automotive 
Industry," ATZ worldwide, vol. 121, no. 7, pp. 36-43, 2019/07/01 2019. doi: 
10.1007/s38311-019-0074-7. 
12. L. M. Castro Benavides, J. A. Tamayo Arias, M. D. Arango Serna, J. W. Branch 
Bedoya y D. Burgos, "Digital Transformation in Higher Education Institutions: A 
Systematic Literature Review," Sensors, vol. 20, no. 11, art. 3291, 2020. doi: 
10.3390/s20113291. 
13. F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Digital Transformation in the Universities: Implications of the 
COVID-19 Pandemic," Education in the Knowledge Society, vol. 22, art. e25465, 
2021. doi: 10.14201/eks.25465. 
14. F. Llorens-Largo. (2020). Transformación digital versus digitalización. En: 
Universídad. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/2tmYFMr 
15. L. Floridi, "La clave es gobernar lo digital," El País, 2021. https://bit.ly/34efc44 
16. A. Rodríguez de las Heras, "Con las smart cities estamos ante una revolución 
cultural," A. Pérez, Ed., ed: Cuatroochenta, 2020. https://bit.ly/2PYU8Yu 
17. S. Grajek y B. Reinitz. (2019, July 8) Getting Ready for Digital Transformation: 
Change Your Culture, Workforce, and Technology. Educase Review. Disponible en: 
https://bit.ly/2TrIurJ 
18. J. Vidal, "La misión de la Universidad," en Investigación educativa en escenarios 
diversos, plurales y globales, C. Cardona y E. Chiner, Eds.  pp. 41-54, Madrid, 
España: EOS, 2014. 
19. R. Rivero-Ortega, "Misión de la Universidad española en el siglo XXI," Revista de 
Occidente, no. 487, pp. 39-50, 2021. 
20. F. J. García-Peñalvo, "The Third Mission," Education in the Knowledge Society, vol. 
17, no. 1, pp. 7-18, 2016. doi: 10.14201/eks2016171718. 
21. L. Compagnucci y F. Spigarelli, "The Third Mission of the university: A systematic 
literature review on potentials and constraints," Technological Forecasting and 
Social Change, vol. 161, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120284. 
22. R. de la Torre. (2022). Investigación vs transferencia, ¿Cómo distribuir el tiempo del 
profesorado? En: Universídad. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3fLQwpn 
23. A. García-Holgado y F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Análisis de integración de soluciones 
basadas en software como servicio para la implantación de ecosistemas tecnológicos 
corporativos," en Avances en Informática y Automática. Séptimo Workshop, J. Cruz 
Benito, A. García Holgado, S. García Sánchez, D. Hernández Alfageme, M. Navarro 
Cáceres y R. Vega Ruiz, Eds.  pp. 55-72, Salamanca, Spain: Departamento de 
Informática y Automática de la Universidad de Salamanca, 2013. 
24. F. J. García-Peñalvo et al., "Enhancing Education for the Knowledge Society Era 
with Learning Ecosystems," en Open Source Solutions for Knowledge Management 
and Technological Ecosystems, F. J. García-Peñalvo y A. García-Holgado, Eds. 
Advances in Knowledge Acquisition, Transfer, and Management (AKATM),  pp. 1-
24, Hershey PA, USA: IGI Global, 2017. doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-0905-9.ch001. 
25. A. García-Holgado y F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Validation of the learning ecosystem 
metamodel using transformation rules," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 
91, pp. 300-310, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.future.2018.09.011. 
26. F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Digital identity as researchers. The evidence and transparency 
of scientific production," Education in the Knowledge Society, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 7-
28, 2018. doi: 10.14201/eks2018192728. 
27. J. Cabero-Almenara y C. Llorente-Cejudo, "Covid-19: radical transformation of 
digitization in university institutions," Campus Virtuales, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 25-34, 
2020. 
28. F. J. García-Peñalvo y A. Corell, "La COVID-19: ¿enzima de la transformación 
digital de la docencia o reflejo de una crisis metodológica y competencial en la 
educación superior?," Campus Virtuales, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 83-98, 2020. 
29. F. J. García-Peñalvo. (2020). El sistema universitario ante la COVID-19: Corto, 
medio y largo plazo. En: Universídad. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/2YPUeXU 
30. F. Llorens-Largo y A. Fernández. (2020). Coronavirus, la prueba del algodón de la 
universidad digital. En: Universídad. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/2Rm917X 
31. J. Gómez Ed. "UNIVERSITIC 2020. Análisis de la madurez digital de las 
Universidades Españolas." Madrid: Crue Universidades Españolas, 2021. Disponible 
en: https://bit.ly/3sqSilN 
32. K. Fahey, "How higher education can overcome barriers to digital transformation," 
EDUCASE Review, vol. Special Report, no. October, pp. 52-53, 2021. 
33. F. Llorens-Largo. (2019). Siete claves para preparar a tu universidad para su 
transformación digital. En: Universídad. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/2klRdwM 
34. F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Ecosistemas tecnológicos universitarios," en UNIVERSITIC 
2017. Análisis de las TIC en las Universidades Españolas, J. Gómez, Ed.  pp. 164-
170, Madrid, España: Crue Universidades Españolas, 2018. 
35. F. J. García-Peñalvo, C. García de Figuerola y J. A. Merlo-Vega, "Open knowledge: 
Challenges and facts," Online Information Review, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 520-539, 2010. 
doi: 10.1108/14684521011072963. 
36. Open Definition Project. (2015). The Open Definition Version 2.1. Disponible en: 
https://goo.gl/HD1wtq 
37. P. Suber, Open Access. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2012. 
38. M. S. Ramírez-Montoya, "Acceso abierto y su repercusión en la Sociedad del 
Conocimiento: Reflexiones de casos prácticos en Latinoamérica," Education in the 
Knowledge Society, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 103-118, 2015. doi: 
10.14201/eks2015161103118. 
39. A. García-Holgado et al., "Promoting Open Education Through Gamification in 
Higher Education: the OpenGame project," en Proceedings TEEM’20. Eighth 
International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing 
Multiculturality (Salamanca, Spain, October 21st - 23rd, 2020), F. J. García-
Peñalvo, Ed. ICPS: ACM International Conference Proceedings Series, New York, 
NY, USA: ACM, 2020. doi: 10.1145/3434780.3436688. 
40. F. Nascimbeni y D. Burgos, "Unveiling the Relationship between the Use of Open 
Educational Resources and the Adoption of Open Teaching Practices in Higher 
Education," Sustainability, vol. 11, no. 20, art. 5637, 2019. doi: 
10.3390/su11205637. 
41. F. J. García-Peñalvo, Á. Fidalgo-Blanco y M. L. Sein-Echaluce, "An adaptive hybrid 
MOOC model: Disrupting the MOOC concept in higher education," Telematics and 
Informatics, vol. 35, pp. 1018-1030, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2017.09.012. 
42. F. Miedema, Open Science: the Very Idea. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer, 
2022. doi: 10.1007/978-94-024-2115-6. 
43. R. Vicente-Saez y C. Martínez-Fuentes, "Open Science now: A systematic literature 
review for an integrated definition," Journal of Business Research, vol. 88, pp. 428-
436, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.12.043. 
44. T. Ferreras-Fernández, H. Martín-Rodero, F. J. García-Peñalvo y J. A. Merlo-Vega, 
"The Systematic Review of Literature in LIS: An approach," en Proceedings of the 
Fourth International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing 
Multiculturality (TEEM’16) (Salamanca, Spain, November 2-4, 2016), F. J. García-
Peñalvo, Ed.  pp. 291-298, New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. doi: 
10.1145/3012430.3012531. 
45. T. Ferreras-Fernández, J. A. Merlo-Vega y F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Science 2.0 
supported by Open Access Repositories and Open Linked Data," en Proceedings of 
the First International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing 
Multiculturality (TEEM’13) (Salamanca, Spain, November 14-15, 2013), F. J. 
García-Peñalvo, Ed. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series (ICPS),  pp. 
331-332, New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. doi: 10.1145/2536536.2536586. 
46. T. Ferreras-Fernández, F. J. García-Peñalvo, J. A. Merlo-Vega y H. Martín-Rodero, 
"Providing open access to PhD theses: Visibility and citation benefits," Program: 
Electronic library and information systems, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 399-416, 2016. doi: 
10.1108/PROG-04-2016-0039. 
47. E. G. Tse, D. M. Klug y M. H. Todd, "Open science approaches to COVID-19," (in 
eng), F1000Research, vol. 9, art. 1043, 2020. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.26084.1. 
48. A. Ríos-Hilario, D. Martín-Campo y T. Ferreras Fernández, "Linked data y linked 
open data: su implantación en una biblioteca digital. El caso de Europeana," El 
Profesional de la Información, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 292-297, 2012. doi: 
10.3145/epi.2012.may.10. 
49. S. Auer, V. Bryl y S. Tramp Eds., "Linked Open Data – Creating Knowledge Out of 
Interlinked Data. Results of the LOD2 Project," Lecture Notes in Computer Science 
LNCS 8661. Heidelberg: Springer, 2014. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-09846-3. 
50. D. Bretthauer, "Open Source Software: A History," Published Works, vol. 7, 2001. 
51. L. Benussi, "Analysing the technological history of the open source phenomenon. 
Stories from the free software evolution, FLOSS history. Working paper, Version 
3.0,"   2005. Disponible en: https://goo.gl/oELrnQ 
52. L. D. Glasserman, F. J. Mortera y M. S. Ramírez-Montoya, "Caracterizando recursos 
educativos abiertos (REA) y objetos de aprendizaje (OA) que fomentan un 
aprendizaje activo en los alumnos de primaria," en Conexión de repositorios 
educativos digitales: Educonector.info, F. J. Mortera y M. S. Ramírez-Montoya, 
Eds.  pp. 26-34, México: Lulú editorial digital, 2013. 
53. E. M. Morales, F. J. García-Peñalvo, Á. Barrón, A. J. Berlanga y C. López, 
"Propuesta de Evaluación de Objetos de Aprendizaje," en Actas del II Simposio 
Pluridisciplinar sobre Diseño, Evaluación y Descripción de Contenidos Educativos 
Reutilizables, SPDECE’05 (Barcelona, 19, 20 y 21 de Octubre de 2005), 2005. 
54. R. DeRosa y S. Robison, "From OER to Open Pedagogy: Harnessing the Power of 
Open," en Open: The Philosophy and Practices that are Revolutionizing Education 
and Science, R. S. Jhangiani y R. Biswas-Diener, Eds.  pp. 115–124, London, UK: 
Ubiquity Press, 2018. doi: 10.5334/bbc.i. 
55. H. W. Chesbrough, Open Innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting 
from technology. Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2003. 
56. M. S. Ramírez-Montoya y F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Co-creation and open innovation: 
Systematic literature review," Comunicar, vol. 26, no. 54, pp. 9-18, 2018. doi: 
10.3916/C54-2018-01. 
57. OECD, Open Government. The Global Context and the Way Forward, Paris: OECD 
Publishing, 2016. [Online]. Disponible en: https://goo.gl/dbscLr. doi: 
10.1787/9789264268104-en. 
58. L. Schmidthuber y D. Hilgers, "Trajectories of local open government: An empirical 
investigation of managerial and political perceptions," International Public 
Management Journal, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 537-561, 2021. doi: 
10.1080/10967494.2020.1853291. 
59. A. García-Holgado et al., Handbook of successful open teaching practices, Logroño, 
La Rioja: Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), 2020. [Online]. Disponible 
en: https://bit.ly/3eU2cXu. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4062529. 
60. A. García-Holgado et al., Guía de buenas prácticas para la educación abierta, 
Logroño, La Rioja: Universidad Internacional de La Rioja (UNIR), 2021. [Online]. 
Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3hydl1W. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.4765969. 
61. F. Nascimbeni et al., "The Opengame competencies framework: An attempt to map 
open education attitudes, knowledge and skills," en Enhancing the Human 
Experience of Learning with Technology: New challenges for research into digital, 
open, distance & networked education European Distance and E-Learning Network 
(EDEN) Proceedings 2020 Research Workshop (Lisbon, Portugal, 21-23 October, 
2020) pp. 105-112, UK: EDEN, 2020. doi: 10.38069/edenconf-2020-rw0012. 
62. B. Fecher y S. Friesike, "Open Science: One Term, Five Schools of Thought," en 
Opening Science. The Evolving Guide on How the Web is Changing Research, 
Collaboration and Scholarly S. Bartling y F. S., Eds.  pp. 17-47, Cham: Springer, 
2014. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-00026-8_2. 
63. UNESCO, "Proyecto de Recomendación de la UNESCO sobre la Ciencia Abierta," 
UNESCO, SC-PCB-SPP/2021/OS-IGM/WD3, 31 de marzo 2021. Disponible en: 
https://bit.ly/3viGPFb 
64. European Commission. (2018). Open Science Monitor. Disponible en: 
https://goo.gl/479Cz9 
65. The Lisbon Council, ESADE Business School, CWTS y ELSEVIER, "Open Science 
Monitor. Study on Open Science: Monitoring trends and drivers,"  European 
Commission, Brussels, D.2.4 Final Report, PP-05622-2017, 2019. Disponible en: 
https://bit.ly/3dHCUIW 
66. S. Grajek. (2020, January 27) Top 10 IT Issues, 2020: The Drive to Digital 
Transformation Begins. EDUCASE Review. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/3ce5v9S 
67. F. J. García-Peñalvo, "La transformación digital de las universidades. Hoja de ruta," 
presentado en Seminario La Administración Electrónica en la Universidad Pública, 
Salamanca, España, 2021. Disponible: https://bit.ly/3bQHTIC. doi: 
10.5281/zenodo.4784074 
68. P. Weill, S. L. Woerner y H. A. Rubin, "Managing the IT Portfolio (Update Circa 
2008): It's All about What's New," Researh Briefing, vol. VIII, no. 2B, 2008. 
https://bit.ly/3GAVNuU 
69. A. Fernández, F. Llorens-Largo, C. Juiz, F. Maciá y J. M. Aparicio, Cómo priorizar 
los proyectos TI estratégicos para tu universidad. San Vicente del Raspeig: 
Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alicante, 2018. 
70. F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Modelo de referencia para la enseñanza no presencial en 
universidades presenciales," Campus Virtuales, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 41-56, 2020. 
71. F. J. García-Peñalvo, "Avoiding the Dark Side of Digital Transformation in 
Teaching. An Institutional Reference Framework for eLearning in Higher 
Education," Sustainability, vol. 13, no. 4, art. 2023, 2021. doi: 10.3390/su13042023. 
72. E. Bueno Campos y F. Casani, "La tercera misión de la Universidad. Enfoques e 
indicadores básicos para su evaluación," Economía Industrial, vol. 366, pp. 43-59, 
2007. 
73. F. J. García-Peñalvo, M. Á. Conde, M. Johnson y M. Alier, "Knowledge co-creation 
process based on informal learning competences tagging and recognition," 
International Journal of Human Capital and Information Technology Professionals 
(IJHCITP), vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 18-30, 2013. doi: 10.4018/ijhcitp.2013100102. 
74. H. Etzkowitz y L. Leydesdorff, Universities and the Global Knowledge Economy. A 
triple of a Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations. London: 
Pinter, 1997. 
75. F. Llorens-Largo y A. Vallecillo. (2022). El intra-emprendimiento en la 
transformación digital de la universidad. En: Universídad. Disponible en: 
https://bit.ly/3Ja4qOM 
76. O. D. Apuke y B. Omar, "Fake news and COVID-19: modelling the predictors of 
fake news sharing among social media users," Telematics and Informatics, vol. 56, 
art. 101475, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.tele.2020.101475. 
77. F. J. García-Peñalvo, A. Corell, V. Abella-García y M. Grande-de-Prado, "La 
evaluación online en la educación superior en tiempos de la COVID-19," Education 
in the Knowledge Society, vol. 21, art. 12, 2020. doi: 10.14201/eks.23013. 
78. F. J. García-Peñalvo, A. Corell, V. Abella-García y M. Grande-de-Prado, 
"Recommendations for Mandatory Online Assessment in Higher Education During 
the COVID-19 Pandemic," en Radical Solutions for Education in a Crisis Context. 
COVID-19 as an Opportunity for Global Learning, D. Burgos, A. Tlili y A. Tabacco, 
Eds. Lecture Notes in Educational Technology,  pp. 85-98: Springer Nature, 2021. 
doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-7869-4_6. 
79. United Nations, "The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019," United Nations, 
New York, USA, 2019. Disponible en: https://bit.ly/34nbq60 
80. F. J. García-Peñalvo, R. Rivero-Ortega, M. J. Rodríguez-Conde y N. Rodríguez-
García, "The institutional decisions to support remote learning and teaching during 
the COVID-19 pandemic," en Proceedings of the 2020 X International Conference 
on Virtual Campus (JICV) (Tetouan, Marooc, 3-5 December 2020), USA: IEEE, 
2020. doi: 10.1109/JICV51605.2020.9375683. 
81. F. J. García-Peñalvo, A. Corell, R. Rivero-Ortega, M. J. Rodríguez-Conde y N. 
Rodríguez-García, "Impact of the COVID-19 on Higher Education: An Experience-
Based Approach," en Information Technology Trends for a Global and 
Interdisciplinary Research Community, F. J. García-Peñalvo, Ed. Advances in 
Human and Social Aspects of Technology (AHSAT) Book Series, pp. 1-18, Hershey, 
PA, USA: IGI Global, 2021. doi: 10.4018/978-1-7998-4156-2.ch001.